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Tue Oct 9 21:41:41 2007 UTC (16 years, 8 months ago) by albertel
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CVS tags: version_2_7_X, version_2_7_1, version_2_7_0, version_2_6_X, version_2_6_99_1, version_2_6_99_0, version_2_6_3, version_2_6_2, version_2_6_1, version_2_6_0, version_2_5_99_1, version_2_5_99_0, HEAD

- latest revison of mimetex

1:  21: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" 22: "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 23:  24: 25:  28: <html> 29: <head> 30: <title> mimeTeX user's manual </title> 31: <meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> 32: <style type="text/css"> 33: body { background-image: none; /* none; or url(); */ 34: /*background-repeat: repeat-y;*/ 35: /*background-attachment: fixed;*/ /* fixed; or scroll; */ 36: background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; 37: margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.1em; 38: font-size: large; /* or medium */ 39: clear: both } 40: A:active { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 41: A:link { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 42: A:visited { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } 43: A:hover { color: red/*#FF0000*/; text-decoration: underline 44: /*font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;*/ 45: /*font-size: normal; line-height: normal*/ } 46: h1 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; 47: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 48: font-size: xx-large; 49: padding-top: 2.0em; 50: letter-spacing: 0.25em } 51: h2 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; 52: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 53: font-size: x-large; 54: padding-top: 1.0em; 55: letter-spacing: 0.20em } 56: h3 { color: maroon; /*black; text-decoration: underline;*/ 57: font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ 58: font-size: large; 59: margin-left: 1em; 60: padding-top: 0.5em; 61: letter-spacing: 0.15em } 62: center { padding-top: -0.1em; padding-bottom: -0.1em; } 63: table { font-size: large } 64: table.medium { font-size: medium } 65: dl { font-size: large; 66: margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em } 67: ol { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em } 68: ul { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em; 69: list-style-type: square } 70: ul ul { margin-left: -0.5em; margin-right: 3.5em; 71: list-style-type: disc } 72: pre { margin-left: 3.0em; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold } 73: pre.nobold { margin-left:3.0em; font-size:medium; font-weight:normal } 74: p { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em } 75: p:first-letter 76: { font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; 77: color: maroon } 78: p.continue { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em; 79: padding-top: -0.1em } 80: p.continue:first-letter 81: { font-size: large; font-weight: normal; 82: color: black } 83: p.warning { color: red } /* defines p class=warning */ 84: </style> 85: <script type="text/javascript"> 86:  101: </script> 102: </head> 103: <body> 104: 105:  108: 109: <hr size=4> 110: <center> 111: <table cellspacing=10> 112: <tr> 113: <td align="center"> 114: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr1" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr1')" 115: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+\frac{a_2} 116: {b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 117: <td align="center" valign="middle"> 118: <center> 119: m i m e T e X   m a n u a l 120: ( for mimeTeX version 1.64 ) 121: Click for:  122:  124: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> 125: LaTeX tutorial</a> 126: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html" target="_top"> 127: mimeTeX QuickStart</a> 128: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 129:  130: download mimeTeX</a> 131: </center> </td> 132: <td align="center"> 133: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr2" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr2')" 134: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} 135: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" 136: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 137: <a href="#examples">more_examples...</a> </td> 138: </tr> 139: </table> 140: </center> 141: <hr size=4> 142: <center> 143: Copyright © 2002-2006, 144: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> 145: email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a> 146: 147: <a href="#preview"><img id="timestamp1" onclick="eqntext('timestamp1')" 148: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\begin{matrix} 149: \large\today\\\normalsize\today[3]\end{matrix}" 150: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 151: 152: 153:  156: <center> 157:         C o n t e n t s         158: 159: <table cellspacing=0 class="medium"> 160: <tr> 161: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 162: - - - T u t o r i a l - - - </td> 163: <td valign="top" align="center" colspan=3 width=450> 164: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - R e f e r e n c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 165: </td> 166: </tr> 167: <tr> 168: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 169: <a href="#introduction">  (I) Introduction  </a> 170: <a href="#quickstart"> a. Quick Start </a> 171: <a href="#examples"> b. Examples </a> 172: <a href="#gpl"> c. GPL License </a> </td> 173: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 174: <a href="#build">  (II) Building mimeTeX  </a> 175: <a href="#compile"> a. Compile </a> 176: <a href="#install"> b. Install </a> 177: <a href="#options"> c. Compile Options </a> 178: <a href="#cmdline"> d. Command Line </a> </td> 179: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 180: <a href="#reference">  (III) Syntax Reference  </a> 181: <a href="#spaces"> a. Math & White Space </a> 182: <a href="#symbols"> b. Symbols, Sizes, Modes </a> 183: <a href="#delimiters"> c. Delimiters </a> 184: <a href="#accents"> d. Accents, Arrows, etc. </a> 185: <a href="#array"> e. \begin{array} </a> 186: <a href="#picture"> f. \picture( ){ } </a> 187: <a href="#commands"> g. Other Commands </a> 188: <a href="#exceptions"> h. Other Exceptions </a> </td> 189: <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> 190: <a href="#appendices">    (IV) Appendices    </a> 191: <a href="#fonts"> a. Fonts </a> 192: <a href="#makeraster"> b. make_raster() </a> 193: <a href="#gifsave"> c. gifsave.c </a> 194: <a href="#remarks">   Remarks   </a> </td> 195: </tr> 196: </table> 197: 198:  201: 202: <table border="0"> 203: <tr>  204: <td align="left"> 205:  209: - - - - - - I n s t a l l a t i o n   210: a n d   U s a g e   S u m m a r y - - - - - - 211: </td> </tr> 212: <tr> 213: <td valign="top">  214: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"> 215: <tr><td align="right" valign="top">       216: <a href="#build">Installation</a>:     </td> 217: <td> Download <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 218: mimetex.zip</a> and then type 219:     unzip mimetex.zip 220:     cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi 221: Now just mv mimetex.cgi to your cgi-bin/ 222: directory, set permissions as necessary, and you're all done. 223: </td></tr> 224: <tr><td colspan="2">   </td></tr> 225: <tr><td align="right" valign="top"> 226: <a href="#introduction">Usage</a>:     </td> 227: <td> To see the image     228: <a href="#preview"><img id="summary1" onclick="eqntext('summary1')" 229: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" 230: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 231: just write the tag 232:     <img src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 233:     x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"> 234: </td></tr> 235: </table> 236: </td> 237: </tr> 238: </table> 239: </center> 240: 241: 242:  245: <h1> <a name="introduction">(I) Introduction</a>   </h1> 246: 247: MimeTeX, licensed under the 248: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">gpl</a>, 249: lets you easily embed LaTeX math in your html pages. 250: It parses a LaTeX math expression and immediately emits the 251: corresponding gif image, rather than the usual TeX dvi. 252: And mimeTeX is an entirely separate little program that doesn't use 253: TeX or its fonts in any way. It's just one cgi that you put in your 254: site's cgi-bin/ directory, with no other dependencies. So mimeTeX 255: is very easy to <a href="#quickbuild">install</a>. And it's equally 256: easy to use. Just place an html <img> tag in your document 257: wherever you want to see the corresponding LaTeX expression. 258: For example, 259: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 260: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> immediately 261: generates the corresponding gif image on-the-fly, displaying 262: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI1" onclick="eqntext('imageI1')" 263: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 264: f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 265: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> wherever you put that <img&gt tag. 266: MimeTeX doesn't need intermediate dvi-to-gif conversion, and it doesn't 267: create separate gif files for each converted expression. 268: (But you can enable image caching with mimeTeX's 269:   -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\"   270: <a href="#options">compile option</a>.) 271: 272: <h3> <a name="plugins"> 273: mimeTeX plugins...</a> </h3> 274: There's no inherent need to repeatedly write the cumbersome 275: <img> tag illustrated above. You can write your own <a href= 276: "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/1.4/docs/tutorial/doc/JSPIntro9.html#wp73314" 277: target="_top">custom tags</a>, 278: or write a wrapper script around mimeTeX to simplify the 279: notation. 280: 281: For example, if you're using 282: <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB2</a>, then 283: <a href="http://www.themathforum.com/" target="_top">Jameson</a> 284: contributed the following typical one-line mod that lets you just write 285: [tex] f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt [/tex] 286: to obtain the same image illustrated above: 287: <pre class="medium" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0" 288: > #--------[open]----------------------------------------------------- 289: /includes/bbcode.php 290: #--------[find]----------------------------------------------------- 291: // Remove our padding from the string.. 292: #--------[before, add]---------------------------------------------- 293: $text = preg_replace('/\[tex\](.*?)\[\/tex\]/ie', 294: "'<img src=\"/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?'.rawurlencode('$1').'\" align=\"middle\" />'", 295: $text);</pre> 296: If you're using 297: <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB3</a>, 298: then no mod is even needed. 299: Just click Postings from the Administrator Control Panel, 300: and add the custom BBCode [tex]{TEXT}[/tex]   301: with the HTML replacement 302: <img src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?{TEXT}" align=middle> 303: 304: Similarly, <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/PmWiki/PmWiki" 305: target="_top">PmWiki</a> also has a 306: <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX" target="_top"> 307: mimeTeX plugin</a> that lets you just write 308: {$ f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt $} 309: to obtain that same image.   Several other packages 310: also have similar mimeTeX plugins: 311: <center><table> 312: <tr> <td align=center>  Package  </td> 313: <td>   </td> 314: <td align=center>   Plugin   </td> 315: </tr> 316: <tr> <td align=center> 317: <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/PmWiki/PmWiki" target="_top"> 318: PmWiki</a> </td> <td>   </td> 319: <td align=center> 320: <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX" 321: target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr> 322: <tr> <td align=center> 323: <a href="http://www.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" target="_top"> 324: Wikimedia</a> </td> 325: <td align=center>   </td> 326: <td align=center> 327: <a href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mimetex_alternative" 328: target="_top">"mimeTeX alternative"</a> </td> </tr> 329: <tr> <td align=center> 330: <a href="http://www.unitorganizer.com/mathwiki/index.php/Main_Page" 331: target="_top">MathWiki</a> </td> <td>   </td> 332: <td align=center> <a href= 333: "http://www.unitorganizer.com/mathwiki/index.php/MimetexParser" 334: target="_top">"mimeTeX Parser"</a> </td> </tr> 335: <tr> <td align=center> 336: <a href="http://forums.punbb.org/" target="_top">PunBB</a> </td> 337: <td>   </td> <td align=center> 338: <a href="http://www.math-linux.com/spip.php?article44" 339: target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr> 340: <tr> <td align=center> 341: <a href="http://www.sixapart.com/movabletype/" target="_top"> 342: Movable Type</a> </td> <td>   </td> 343: <td align=center> <a href= 344: "http://www.unitorganizer.com/myblog/2006/08/creating_equations_in_movable.html" 345: target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr> 346: <tr> <td align=center> 347: <a href="http://wordpress.org/" target="_top">WordPress</a> </td> 348: <td>   </td> <td align=center> <a href= 349: "http://www.anlak.com/?page_id=66" target="_top"> 350:  351: mimeTeX plugin</a>  </td> </tr> 352:  353:  359:  364: </table></center> 365: 366: Please note: If you're writing your own plugin for mimeTeX, 367: please don't write php code using system( ), or any other 368: shell escape mechanism, just to cache images. Use mimeTeX's 369:   -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\"   370: <a href="#options">compile option</a> instead. 371: system( ) raises security 372: issues, either real ones if used carelessly, or just in the minds of 373: system administrators. Either way, I've received many emails from 374: people unable to use mimeTeX because of unnecessary system( ) 375: calls prohibited by security-conscious sysadmins. MimeTeX itself poses 376: minimal risk when used as illustrated above, but you're responsible 377: for any plugin/wrapper script you write around it. 378: 379: <h3> <a name="alternatives"> 380: Alternative solutions...</a> </h3> 381: MimeTeX's benefit over similar math-on-the-web solutions is, as 382: mentioned above, its easy installation. But if that's not a 383: problem for you, and if your site's server already has a LaTeX 384: distribution installed, and suitable image conversion utilities like 385: <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org" target="_top">ImageMagick</a>, 386: then you may prefer to look at a math rendering script like 387: <a href="http://www.mayer.dial.pipex.com/tex.htm#latexrender" 388: target="_top">latexrender</a> 389: which uses LaTeX to create higher quality images than mimeTeX 390: produces. For comparison, 391: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI2" onclick="eqntext('imageI2')" 392: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 393: f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 394: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, with arbitrary mean 395: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI3" onclick="eqntext('imageI3')" 396: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\mu" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 397: and standard deviation 398: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI4" onclick="eqntext('imageI4')" 399: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sigma" alt="" border=0 400: align=middle></a>, and at mimeTeX's next larger font size, looks like 401: <center> 402: <table> 403: <tr align="center"> 404: <td> mimeTeX </td> 405: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}" 406: alt="" border=0> </td> 407: <td> latexrender </td> 408: </tr> 409: <tr align="center"> 410: <td> 411: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI5" onclick="eqntext('imageI5')" 412: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 413: f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}} 414: \int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{-\small\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt" 415: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 416: <td>   </td> 417: <td> <img src="http://www.forkosh.com/lrender.gif" 418: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </td> 419: </tr> 420: </table> 421: </center> 422: Similar LaTeX-based solutions that you may want to look at are 423: <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/textogif/textogif.html" 424: target="_top">textogif</a> and 425: <a href="http://www.math.uio.no/~martingu/gladtex/" 426: target="_top">gladTeX</a>. Additional discussion and several more 427: links are at <a href="http://www.tug.org/interest.html#web" 428: target="_top">www.tug.org/interest.html</a> and in the 429: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=LaTeX2HTML" 430: target="_top">tex-faq</a>. 431:  446: You may now want to browse the additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a> 447: below before proceeding, to make sure mimeTeX suits your needs before you 448: spend more time learning to use it. 449: 450: 451:  454: <h2> <a name="quickstart"> (Ia) Quick Start   </a> </h2> 455: 456:  MimeTeX is as TeX-like as possible (though 457: not 100% compliant), and you must already be familiar with LaTeX 458: math markup to use it. If you're not, many online LaTeX 459: <a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html#doc" target="_top">turorials</a> 460: are readily available. You may also want to browse Andrew Roberts' 461: <a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial9.html" 462: target="_top">Latex Math I</a> and 463: <a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial10.html" 464: target="_top">Latex Math II</a>, or my own 465: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> 466: LaTeX math tutorial</a>. 467: Then, instead of continuing to read this page, you can  just Submit any LaTeX 469: math expression you like in the Query Box below. I've started 470: you out with a little example already in the box, or  471: you can Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> below 472: to place that corresponding expression in the Query Box. 473: 474: Meanwhile, here are just a few quickstart tips for Submitting 475: your own mimeTeX expressions in the Query Box below: 476: <ul> 477: <li> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes selected by 478: one of the usual directives   \tiny 479: or \small or \normalsize , 480: or \large (default) or \Large 481: or \LARGE , or \huge or \Huge . 482:     Unlike standard LaTeX, font size directives may 483: appear within math mode expressions. They affect everything 484: to their right, except that their scope will be limited to any 485: { }-enclosed subexpression in which they occur. 486: For example,   "a+\small b+c" 487:   renders   488: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBu" onclick="eqntext('imageBu')" 489: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a+\small b+c" 490: alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>,   whereas   491: "\small a+{\Large b+}c"   renders   492: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBv" onclick="eqntext('imageBv')" 493: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small a+{\Large b+}c" 494: alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. </li> 495:  507: <li>   516:  522: By default, mimeTeX renders limits textstyle   523: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB1" onclick="eqntext('imageB1')" 524: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textstyle 525: \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 526:   at sizes \normalsize and smaller, 527: and renders them displaystyle   528: <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB2" onclick="eqntext('imageB2')" 529: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 530: \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 531:   at sizes \large and larger. 532: The LaTeX directives \displaystyle or \textstyle, 533: and \limits or \nolimits, override mimeTeX's default 534: in the usual way. Or see the -DDISPLAYSIZE=n 535: <a href="#options">compile option</a> below to change 536: the default. </li> 537: </ul> 538: <a name="forminput"> </a> <a name="preview"> </a> 539: Now enter your own LaTeX expression, use the sample provided, 540: or Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a>. 541: Then press the Submit button, and mimeTeX's rendering should be 542: displayed in the little window immediately below it. 543: <center> 544: <table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> 545: <tr align="center"><td> 546: <form name="expression" action="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi" 547: method="get" target="inlineframe"> 548: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"> 549: <tr align="left"><td align="center"> 550: First enter your own LaTeX expression, 551: or Click any example... 552: <textarea name="formdata" rows="5" cols="72" 553: >\Large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</textarea> 554: </td></tr> 555: <tr align="center"><td> 556: <input type="button" onClick="cleartext()" 557: value="Clear Expression">     558:   <input type="submit" value="Submit Expression"> 559: </td></tr> 560: </table> 561: </form> </td></tr> <tr align="left"><td align="center"> 562: Now click Submit to see it rendered below... 563: <iframe name="inlineframe" align="middle" width="85%" height="110"> 564: iframe's not supported if you see this. 565: </iframe> 566: </td></tr> 567: </table> 568: </center> 569: You should see   570: <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA3" onclick="eqntext('imageIA3')" 571: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 572: f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt" 573: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> if you submit the sample expression 574: already in the box. 575: 576: And the <img> tag to embed this same integral anywhere 577: in your own document is 578: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" 579: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> 580: 581:  583: The typical mimeTeX <img> tag has the form 584: <pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression" 585: alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> 586: where ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi is the relative path from your html 587: page containing these tags to your compiled mimetex.cgi program, and 588: where any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression 589: is pretty much any valid LaTeX math expression: <ul> 590:  593: <li>  There are occasional exceptions where I couldn't 594: program mimeTeX to recognize valid LaTeX syntax. 595: One particular "gotcha" is that mimeTeX bindings 596: are pretty much left-to-right. Thus, for example, although 597: mimeTeX correctly interprets \frac12 as well as 598: \frac1{x^2}, etc, the legal LaTeX expression 599: x^\frac12 must be written x^{\frac12}. 600: Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets it as {x^\frac}12, i.e., 601: the same way x^\alpha12 would be interpreted, which is 602: nonsense for \frac. The same "gotcha" also applies to 603: other combinations of commands, e.g., you must write 604: \sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}, or 605: \frac\alpha{\sqrt\beta}, etc. 606: The <a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a> section 607: contains much additional information.  </li> 610: <li> Besides such exceptions, mimeTeX 611: also provides various LaTeX extensions.  For example, font size 613: directives like \Large are permitted within mimeTeX 614: math mode expressions, but flagged as errors by LaTeX. 615:  </li> </ul> 618: 619: 620:  623: <h2> <a name="examples"> (Ib) Examples   </a> </h2> 624: 625: Here are various additional random examples further demonstrating 626: mimeTeX's features and usage. To see how they're done, Click any 627: one of them to place its corresponding expression in the 628: <a href="#preview">Query Box</a> above. Then press Submit 629: to re-render it, or you can edit the expression first to suit 630: your own purposes. 631: 632: <table cellspacing=15> 633:  635: <tr> 636: <td> 637: <a name="example1">(1)</a>     </td> 638: <td align="left" colspan=4> 639: <a href="#preview"> 640: <img id="example1a" onclick="eqntext('example1a')" 641: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\red\normalsize\displaystyle 642: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 643: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 644: <a href="#preview"> 645: <img id="example1b" onclick="eqntext('example1b')" 646: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\green\large\displaystyle 647: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 648: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 649: <a href="#preview"> 650: <img id="example1c" onclick="eqntext('example1c')" 651: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue\Large 652: e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 653: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 654: <a href="#preview"> 655: <img id="example1d" onclick="eqntext('example1d')" 656: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\reverse\opaque 657: \LARGE e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 658: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp 659: <a href="#preview"> 660: <img id="example1e" onclick="eqntext('example1e')" 661: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE 662: e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac xn\right)^n" 663: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 664: </td> 665: </tr> 666: 667:  669: <tr> 670: <td> 671: (2) </td> 672: <td align="left" colspan=4> 673: <a href="#preview"> 674: <img id="example2" onclick="eqntext('example2')" 675: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\frac{dv^m}{ds}=-\Gamma^m_{oo}v^{o^2} 676: =-g^{mn}\Gamma_{noo}v^{o^2}=\frac12g^{mn}g_{oo,n}v^{o^2}" 677: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 678: </tr> 679: 680:  682: <tr> 683: <td> 684: (3) </td> 685: <td align="left" colspan=4> 686: <a href="#preview"> 687: <img id="example3" onclick="eqntext('example3')" 688: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\varepsilon=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} 689: \frac1{\Delta x}\int_{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\left\{\frac1{\Delta x}\big[ 690: (x_{i+1}-x)y_i^\ast+(x-x_i)y_{i+1}^\ast\big]-f(x)\right\}^2dx" 691: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 692: </tr> 693: 694:  696: <tr> 697: <td> 698: (4) </td> 699: <td align="left" colspan=4> 700: <table> 701: <tr> 702: <td align="left"> 703: <a href="#preview"> 704: <img id="example4a" onclick="eqntext('example4a')" 705: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" 706: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 707: <td> 708: solution for quadratic </td> 709: </tr> 710: <tr> <td> </td> </tr> 711: <tr> 712: <td align="left"> 713: <a href="#preview"> 714: <img id="example4b" onclick="eqntext('example4b')" 715: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f^\prime(x)\ = 716: \lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}" 717: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 718: <td> 719: definition of derivative </td> 720: </tr> 721: </table> </td> 722: </tr> 723: 724:  726: <tr> 727: <td> 728: (5) </td> 729: <td align="left"> 730: <a href="#preview"> 731: <img id="example5" onclick="eqntext('example5')" 732: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+ 733: \frac{a_2}{b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" 734: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 735: <td> 736: illustrating \frac{}{} for continued fraction </td> 737: </tr> 738: 739:  741: <tr> 742: <td> 743: (6) </td> 744: <td align="left"> 745: <a href="#preview"> 746: <img id="example6" onclick="eqntext('example6')" 747: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE\tilde y=\left\{ 748: {\ddot x\text{ if \vec x odd}\atop\hat{\,\bar x+1}\text{ if even}}\right." 749: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 750: <td> 751: illustrating \left\{...\right. 752:  753: and note the accents </td> 754: </tr> 755: 756:  758: <tr> 759: <td> 760: (7) </td> 761: <td align="center"> 762: <a href="#preview"> 763: <img id="example7" onclick="eqntext('example7')" 764: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\overbrace{a,...,a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, 765: \underbrace{b,...,b}_{\text{l b^,s}}\hspace{10} 766: \large\underbrace{\overbrace{a...a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, 767: \overbrace{b...b}^{\text{l b^,s}}}_{\text{k+l elements}}" 768: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 769: <td> 770: \overbrace{}^{} and \underbrace{}_{} 771: (TeXbook page 181, Exercise 18.41) </td> 772: </tr> 773: 774:  776: <tr> 777: <td> 778: (8) </td> 779: <td align="left" colspan=3> 780: <table> 781: <tr> 782: <td align="left" colspan=2> 783: <a href="#preview"> 784: <img id="example8a" onclick="eqntext('example8a')" 785: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{i0}=+\frac i2 786: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_i&0\\0&-\sigma_i\end{array}\right] 787: \hspace{10}\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} 788: \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" 789: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </a> </td> 790: </tr> 791: <tr> <td> </td> </tr> 792: <tr> 793: <td align="left"> 794: <a href="#preview"> 795: <img id="example8b" onclick="eqntext('example8b')" 796: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large A\ =\ \large\left( 797: \begin{array}{c.cccc}&1&2&\cdots&n\\ 798: \hdash1&a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\ 799: 2&a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\ 800: \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ 801: n&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\end{array}\right)" 802: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 803: <td> 804: demonstrating <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a>'s dashed lines </td> 805: </tr> 806: </table> </td> 807: </tr> 808: 809:  811: <tr> 812: <td> 813: <a name="example9">(9)</a> </td> 814: <td align="left" colspan="2"> 815: <a href="#preview"> 816: <img id="example9c" onclick="eqntext('example9c')" 817: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize 818: \left(\large\begin{array}{GC+23} 819: \varepsilon_x\\\varepsilon_y\\\varepsilon_z\\\gamma_{xy}\\ 820: \gamma_{xz}\\\gamma_{yz}\end{array}\right)\ {\Large=} 821: \ \left[\begin{array}{CC} 822: \begin{array}\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}x}} 823: &-\frac{\nu_{xy}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}} 824: &-\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}xz}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}}\\ 825: -\frac{\nu_{yx}}{E_y}&\frac1{E_{y}}&-\frac{\nu_{yz}}{E_y}\\ 826: -\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}zx}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}}& 827: -\frac{\nu_{zy}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}} 828: &\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}z}}\end{array} & {\LARGE 0} \\ 829: {\LARGE 0} & \begin{array}\frac1{G_{xy}}&&\\ 830: &\frac1{G_{\fs{+1}xz}}&\\&&\frac1{G_{yz}}\end{array} 831: \end{array}\right] 832: \ \left(\large\begin{array} 833: \sigma_x\\\sigma_y\\\sigma_z\\\tau_{xy}\\\tau_{xz}\\\tau_{yz} 834: \end{array}\right)" 835: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 836: <td align="left"> 837: Block diagonal form using nested \begin{array}'s. 838: Also, note rows aligned across all three arrays. 839: </td> 840: </tr> 841: 842:  844: <tr> 845: <td> 846: (10) </td> 847: <td align="center"> 848: <a href="#preview"> 849: <img id="example10" onclick="eqntext('example10')" 850: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left.\begin{eqnarray} 851: x+y+z&=&3\\2y&=&x+z\\2x+y&=&z\end{eqnarray}\right\}" 852: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 853: <td> 854: using <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> to align equations </td> 855: </tr> 856: 857:  860: <tr> 861: <td> 862: (11) </td> 863: <td align="center"> 864: <a href="#preview"> 865: <img id="example11" onclick="eqntext('example11')" 866: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\begin{array}{rccclBCB} 867: &f&\longrightarrow[75]^{\alpha:{\normalsize f\rightarrow g}}&g\\ 868: \large\gamma&\longdownarrow[50]&&\longdownarrow[50]&\large\gamma\\ 869: &u&\longrightarrow[75]_\beta&v\end{array}" 870: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 871: <td> 872: commutative diagram using <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a> </td> 873: </tr> 874: 875:  877: <tr> 878: <td> 879: (12) </td> 880: <td align="left"> 881: <a href="#preview"> 882: <img id="example12" onclick="eqntext('example12')" 883: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\hspace{5}\unitlength{1} 884: \picture(175,100){ (50,50){\circle(100)} 885: (1,50){\overbrace{\line(46)}^{4$\;\;a}} 886: (52,50){\line(125)} (50,52;115;2){\mid} (52,55){\longleftar[60]} 887: (130,56){\longrightar[35]} (116,58){r} (c85,50;80;2){\bullet} 888: (c85,36){\large-q} (c165,36){\large q} 889: (42,29){\underbrace{\line(32)}_{\small a^2/r\;\;\;}} }" 890: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 891: <td valign="middle"> 892: mimeTeX <a href="#picture">\picture(size){pic_elems}</a> 893: "environment", illustrating the image charge - q 894: for a grounded conducting sphere of radius a with 895: a charge q at distance r > a outside it. </td> 896: </tr> 897: 898:  900: <tr> 901: <td> 902: (13) </td> 903: <td align="left"> 904: <a href="#preview"> 905: <img id="example13" onclick="eqntext('example13')" 906: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\hspace{10}\unitlength{.75} 907: \picture(120,220){ (60,200){\circle(120,40)} (0,20){\line(0,180)} 908: (5,189;0,-30){\pict(110,20){(c20,10;70;2){ 909: \pict(40,20){(20,10){\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}} } } 910: (119,20){\line(0,180)} (60,20){\circle(120,40;34)}}" 911: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 912: <td valign="middle"> <a href="#picture">\picture</a> "environment" 913: illustrating the surface polarization charge induced by a uniform 914: electric field. Inside the slab of material, the volume polarization 915: charge clearly vanishes. The little 916: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\unitlength{.75} \pict(40,20){(20,10) 917: {\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> 918: dipole image is drawn only once, then multiput across two columns, and 919: then that result is further multiput down the rows. MimeTeX \picture's 920: can be used as picture elements in other pictures, nested to any level. 921: The image at left is picture-in-picture-in-picture. </td> 922: </tr> 923: </table> 924: 925: 926:  928: <h3> Some font examples ...</a> </h3> 929: Finally, illustrated below are some examples of fonts and symbols 930: available with mimeTeX. All symbols and sizes from cmr, cmmi, 931: cmmib (use \mathbf{ }), cmsy, cmex, bbold (use 932: \mathbb{ }), rsfs (use \mathscr{ }), 933: stmary and cyrillic wncyr (use {\cyr  } or 934: \cyr{ }) should be available, but they're not all shown. 935: And also not shown are various "constructed symbols" like \sqrt, 936: accents, etc. The illustrated font sizes are numbered 4=\Large, 937: 3=\large and 2=\normalsize (not shown are 7=\Huge, 6=\huge, 938: 5=\LARGE, 1=\small and 0=\tiny). 939: 940: <h3>cmmi latin uppercase, and lowercase</h3> 941: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 942: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$A&4$B&4$C&4$D,&4$a&4$b&4$c&4$d\\ 943: 2$\rm~3:~&3$E&3$F&3$G&3$H&3$I&3$J&3$K&3$L,&3$e&3$f&3$g&3$h&3$i&3$j&3$k&3$l\\ 944: 2$\rm~2:~&2$M&2$N&2$O&2$P&2$Q&2$R&2$S&2$T&2$U&2$V&2$W&2$X&2$Y&2$Z,& 945: 2$m&2$n&2$o&2$p&2$q&2$r&2$s&2$t&2$u&2$v&2$w&2$x&2$y&2$z}" 946: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 947: 948: <h3>calligraphic, and rsfs (\cal{A}, \scr{B}, etc)</h3> 949: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 950: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\calA&4$\calB&4$\calC&4$\calD&4$\calE&4$\calF&4$\calG,& 951: 4$\scrA&4$\scrB&4$\scrC&4$\scrD&4$\scrE&4$\scrF&4$\scrG\\ 952: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\calH&3$\calI&3$\calJ&3$\calK&3$\calL&3$\calM&3$\calN&3$\calO& 953: 3$\calP,& 954: 3$\scrH&3$\scrI&3$\scrJ&3$\scrK&3$\scrL&3$\scrM&3$\scrN&3$\scrO&3$\scrP\\ 955: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\calQ&2$\calR&2$\calS&2$\calT&2$\calU& 956: 2$\calV&2$\calW&2$\calX&2$\calY&2$\calZ,& 957: 2$\scrQ&2$\scrR&2$\scrS&2$\scrT&2$\scrU&2$\scrV&2$\scrW& 958: 2$\scrX&2$\scrY&2$\scrZ}" 959: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 960: 961: <h3>cmmi greek uppercase, and \var lowercase</h3> 962: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 963: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\Gamma&4$\Delta&4$\Theta&4$\Lambda&4$\Xi&4$\Pi&4$\Sigma& 964: 4$\Upsilon&4$\Phi&4$\Psi&4$\Omega,&4$\rm~~&4$\varepsilon&4$\vartheta&4$\varpi& 965: 4$\varrho&4$\varsigma&4$\varphi\\ 966: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\Gamma&3$\Delta&3$\Theta&3$\Lambda&3$\Xi&3$\Pi&3$\Sigma& 967: 3$\Upsilon&3$\Phi&3$\Psi&3$\Omega,&~&3$\varepsilon&3$\vartheta&3$\varpi& 968: 3$\varrho&3$\varsigma&3$\varphi\\ 969: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\Gamma&2$\Delta&2$\Theta&2$\Lambda&2$\Xi&2$\Pi&2$\Sigma& 970: 2$\Upsilon&2$\Phi&2$\Psi&2$\Omega,&~&2$\varepsilon&2$\vartheta&2$\varpi& 971: 2$\varrho&2$\varsigma&2$\varphi}" 972: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 973: 974: <h3>cmmi greek lowercase</h3> 975: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ 976: 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\alpha&4$\beta&4$\gamma&4$\delta&4$\epsilon&4$\zeta& 977: 4$\eta&4$\theta&4$\iota&4$\kappa&4$\lambda&4$\mu&4$\nu&4$\xi&4$%%\omicron%%& 978: 4$\pi&4$\rho&4$\sigma&4$\tau&4$\upsilon&4$\phi&4$\chi&4$\psi&4$\omega\\ 979: 2$\rm~3:~&3$\alpha&3$\beta&3$\gamma&3$\delta&3$\epsilon&3$\zeta& 980: 3$\eta&3$\theta&3$\iota&3$\kappa&3$\lambda&3$\mu&3$\nu&3$\xi&3$%%\omicron%%& 981: 3$\pi&3$\rho&3$\sigma&3$\tau&3$\upsilon&3$\phi&3$\chi&3$\psi&3$\omega\\ 982: 2$\rm~2:~&2$\alpha&2$\beta&2$\gamma&2$\delta&2$\epsilon&2$\zeta& 983: 2$\eta&2$\theta&2$\iota&2$\kappa&2$\lambda&2$\mu&2$\nu&2$\xi&2$%%\omicron%%& 984: 2$\pi&2$\rho&2$\sigma&2$\tau&2$\upsilon&2$\phi&2$\chi&2$\psi&2$\omega}" 985: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 986: 987: <h3>cmsy symbols at mimeTeX font size 3 988: (operators shown large are automatically "promoted" 989: to the larger size in \displaystyle mode) </h3> 990: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{3,r$1$\rm~chars~\\ 991: 1$\rm~0-15:~&-&\cdot&\times&\ast&\div&\diamond&\pm&\mp& 992: \oplus&\ominus&\otimes&\oslash&\odot&\bigcirc&\circ&\bullet\\ 993: 1$\rm~16-31:~&\asymp&\equiv&\subseteq&\supseteq&\leq&\geq&\preceq&\succeq& 994: \sim&\approx&\subset&\supset&\ll&\gg&\prec&\succ\\ 995: 1$\rm~32-47:~&\leftar&\rightar&\uparr&\downar&\leftrightar&\near&\sear& 996: \simeq&\Leftar&\Rightar&\Upar&\Downar&\Leftrightar&\nwar&\swar&\propto\\ 997: 1$\rm~48-63:~&\prime&\infty&\in&\ni&\triangle&\bigtriangledo&/&\'& 998: \forall&\exists&\neg&\emptyset&\Re&\Im&\top&\bot\\ 999: 1$\rm~64-100:~&\aleph&&\calA&4$.\,.\,.&\calZ&&\cup&\cap& 1000: \uplus&\wedge&\vee&\vdash&\dashv&\lfloor&\rfloor&\lceil\\ 1001: 1$\rm~101-116:~&\rceil&\lbrace&\rbrace&\langle&\rangle&\mid&\parallel& 1002: \updownar&\Updownar&\setminus&\wr&\surd&\amalg&\nabla&\int&\sqcup\\ 1003: 1$\rm~117-127:~&\sqcap&\sqsubseteq&\sqsupseteq&\S&\dag&\ddag&\P&\clubsuit& 1004: \Diamond&\Heart&\spadesuit}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> 1005: 1006: <h3>a few other cmmi, cmr, stmary and wncyr symbols 1007: at mimeTeX font size 4</h3> 1008: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{4,r$ 1009: 1$\rm~cmmi:~&\leftharpoonup&\leftharpoondo&\rightharpoonup&\rightharpoondo& 1010: \triangleright&\triangleleft&\star&\partial& 1011: \flat&\natural&\sharp&\smile&\frown&\ell&\imath&\jmath&\wp&\vec\\ 1012: 1$\rm~cmr:~&\ss&\ae&\oe&\AE&\OE \\ 1013: 1$\rm~stmary:~&\moo&\Lbag&\Rbag&\lightning&\llbracket&\rrbracket& 1014: \subsetpluseq&\supsetpluseq&\Yup&\Ydown\\ 1015: 1$\rm~wncyr:~&\cyr A&\cyr a&\cyr B&\cyr b&\cyr V&\cyr v&\cyr G&\cyr g& 1016: \cyr D&\cyr d&\cyr Dj&\cyr dj&\cyr\=E&\cyr\=e&\cyr Zh&\cyr zh}" 1017: alt="" border=0 align=middle> 1018: 1019: 1020:  1023: <h2> <a name="gpl"> (Ic) GPL License   </a> </h2> 1024: 1025: 1026: &quotMy grandfather once told me there are two kinds of people: 1027: &nbsp &nbsp Those who do the work and those who take the credit. 1028: &nbsp &nbsp He told me to try to be in the first group; there was much 1029: less competition.&quot 1030: Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister of India 1031: 1032: MimeTeX's copyright is registered by me with the US Copyright Office, 1033: and I hereby license it to you under the terms and conditions of the 1034: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>. 1035: There is no official support of any kind whatsoever, 1036: and you use mimeTeX entirely at your own risk, with no guarantee 1037: of any kind, in particular with no warranty of merchantability. 1038: 1039: By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood 1040: and agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you  possess the legal right and ability to enter 1042: into this agreement and to use mimeTeX in accordance with it. 1043: 1044: Hopefully, the law and ethics regarding computer programs will 1045: evolve to make this kind of obnoxious banter unnecessary. 1046: In the meantime, please forgive me my paranoia. 1047: 1048: To protect your own intellectual property, I recommend 1049: <a href="http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ1.html" 1050: target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The Library of Congress, 1051: in particular <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ61.html" 1052: target="_top">Circular 61</a>, Copyright Registration for 1053: Computer Programs. 1054:  1057: Very briefly, download 1058: <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/forms/formtxi.pdf">Form TX</a> 1059: and follow the included instructions. 1060: In principle, you automatically own the copyright 1061: to anything you write the moment it's on paper. In practice, 1062: if the matter comes under dispute, the courts look _very_ favorably 1063: on you for demonstrating your intent by registering the copyright. 1064: For example, courts will stop unauthorized use of unregistered 1065: material, but monetary damages are awarded _only_ if you 1066: register the copyright before infringement occurs. 1067: 1068: 1069:  1072: <h1> <a name="build"> (II) Building mimeTeX   </a> </h1> 1073: 1074:  1075: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> 1076: <tr><td><center><hr size="2">Very quickly   ---   download 1077: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 1078:  1079: mimetex.zip</a> and then type 1080: <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> 1081: <tr align="left"> 1082: <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{50}" alt="" border=0></td> 1083: <td>unzip mimetex.zip 1084: cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</td> 1085: </tr></table> 1086:       Now mv mimetex.cgi to your cgi-bin/ 1087: directory, and you're all done.       1088: Read the rest of this section for more detailed 1089: information.<hr size="2"></center></td> 1090: <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{150}" alt="" border=0></td> 1091: </tr></table> 1092:  1093: 1094: I've built and run mimeTeX under Linux and NetBSD using gcc. The source 1095: code is ansi-standard C, and should compile and run under all 1096: environments without change. Instructions below 1097: are for Unix. Modify them as necessary for your particular situation 1098: (note the -DWINDOWS switch if applicable). 1099: 1100: <h2> <a name="compile"> (IIa) Download and Compile   </a> </h2> 1101: 1102: The steps needed to download and compile mimeTeX are 1103: <ul> 1104: <li> Download and unzip 1105: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> 1106:  1107: mimetex.zip</a> in any convenient working directory. 1108: Your working directory should now contain <center> 1109: <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> 1110: <tr><td width=100>README</td> <td>mimeTeX release notes</td></tr> 1111: <tr><td>LICENSE</td> <td>GPL license, under which you may use 1112: mimeTeX</td></tr> 1113: <tr><td>mimetex.c</td> <td>mimeTeX source program and all required 1114: functions</td></tr> 1115: <tr><td>mimetex.h</td> <td>header file for mimetex.c (and for 1116: gfuntype.c)</td></tr> 1117: <tr><td>gfuntype.c</td> <td>parses output from gftype -i 1118: and writes bitmap data</td></tr> 1119: <tr><td>texfonts.h</td> <td>output from several gfuntype runs, 1120: needed by mimetex.c</td></tr> 1121: <tr><td>gifsave.c</td> <td>gif library by Sverre H. Huseby 1122: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" 1123: target="_top">http://shh.thathost.com</a> 1124: </td></tr> 1125: <tr><td>mimetex.html</td> <td>this file, the mimeTeX 1126: user's manual</td></tr> 1127: </table></center> 1128:         1129: Note: all files use Unix line termination, i.e., linefeeds 1130: (without carriage returns) signal line endings. Conversion for 1131: Windows PC's, Macs, VMS, etc, can usually be accomplished by 1132: unzip's -a option, i.e., unzip -a mimetex.zip 1133: </li> 1134: <li> To compile an executable that emits anti-aliased gif images 1135: (which is recommended for most uses), just type the following 1136: command from the Unix shell 1137:         1138: cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 1139: <li> Or, to compile an executable that emit gif images 1140: without anti-aliasing 1141:         1142: cc -DGIF mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 1143: <li> Alternatively, to compile an executable that emits mime xbitmaps 1144:         1145: cc -DXBITMAP mimetex.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi </li> 1146: <li> Compile Notes: <ul> 1147: <li> If (and only if) you're compiling a Windows executable with 1148: the -DAA or -DGIF option (but not -DXBITMAP), then 1149: add -DWINDOWS . For example, 1150:         gcc -DAA -DWINDOWS 1151: mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.exe 1152: The above Unix-like syntax works with 1153: <a href="http://www.mingw.org" target="_top">MinGW</a> and 1154: <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/" target="_top">djgpp</a> 1155: Windows compilers, but probably not with most others, 1156: where it's only intended as a "template". 1157:         1158: Explanation: mimeTeX writes gif bytes directly to stdout, as usual 1159: for cgi's. But Windows treats stdout as a character stream, 1160: interpreting any hex 0A byte as an <lf>, and automatically 1161: preceding it with a spurious hex 0D   <cr> byte. The 1162: -DWINDOWS switch compiles in a non-portable, Windows-specific 1163: _setmode() call that sets stdout to binary mode. </li> 1164: <li> If you're compiling for Windows and would prefer 1165: to install mimeTeX as a Win32 DLL, see the 1166: <a href="http://www.codeproject.com/dotnet/Eq2Img.asp"> 1167: Code Project</a> developed by 1168: <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com">Shital Shah</a>, and 1169: download <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com/dev/eq2img_all.zip"> 1170: eq2img_all.zip</a> containing Shital's latest code. </li> 1171:  1174: </ul> </li> 1175: <li> The gfuntype program is only needed if you plan to change the 1176: font information in texfonts.h, as explained in 1177: <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below. 1178: In that case, compile gfuntype with the command 1179:         1180: cc gfuntype.c mimetex.c -lm -o gfuntype </li> 1181: </ul> 1182: That's all there is to compiling mimeTeX. 1183: Several other optional compile-line <a href="#options">options</a> 1184: available for mimetex.c are discussed below. 1185: 1186: Immediately after compiling mimeTeX, test your new executable 1187: by typing   ./mimetex.cgi "x^2+y^2"   1188: from the Unix shell (or   mimetex "x^2+y^2" 1189:   from the Windows Command Prompt), which should emit 1190: two "ascii rasters" something like the following <pre> 1191: Ascii dump of bitmap image... Hex dump of colormap indexes... 1192: ...........**....................**... ..........1**1...................1**1.. 1193: ..........*..*......*...........*..*.. ..........*23*......*............*23*.. 1194: .............*......*..............*.. .............*......*...............*.. 1195: ....****.....*......*.....*..*.....*.. ...1****....2*......*.....2*..*....2*.. 1196: ...*.*.*....*.......*....**..*....*... ...*.*.*...1*.......*.....**..*...1*... 1197: .....*.....*.*..********..*..*...*.*.. ....1*1...2*.*..********..3*..*..2*.*.. 1198: .....*....****......*.....*..*..****.. ....2*2...****......*......*12*..****.. 1199: ..*.*.*.............*.....*.*......... ..*.*.*.............*......*.*2........ 1200: ...****.............*.....***......... ..1****.............*......***......... 1201: ....................*.......*......... ....................*........*......... 1202: .........................*.*.......... ..........................*.*1......... 1203: .........................**........... ..........................**1.......... 1204: The 5 colormap indexes denote rgb vals... 1205: .-->255 1-->196 2-->186 3-->177 *-->0</pre> 1206: (The right-hand illustration shows asterisks 1207: in the same positions as the left-hand one, along with anti-aliased 1208: grayscale colormap indexes assigned to neighboring pixels, and with 1209: the rgb value for each index.) Just typing ./mimetex.cgi 1210: without an argument should produce ascii rasters for the default 1211: expression f(x)=x^2. If you see these two ascii rasters then 1212: your binary's good. Otherwise, you must find and fix the problem 1213: before proceeding. 1214: 1215: 1216: <h2> <a name="install"> (IIb) Install   </a> </h2> 1217: 1218: Once you've successfully tested mimetex.cgi from the Unix shell 1219: (or mimetex.exe from the Windows Command Prompt), 1220: the steps needed to install mimeTeX are 1221: <ul> 1222: <li> mv mimetex.cgi   (or move mimetex.exe)   1223: to your server's cgi-bin/ directory, wherever cgi 1224: programs are expected. </li> 1225: <li> Now you may need to chmod 755 mimetex.cgi   1226: and/or chown it, too, depending on your server's 1227: requirements. Contact your system administrator or ISP 1228: if you're not already familiar with this information. </li> 1229: <li> Once mimetex.cgi is moved to your server's cgi-bin/ 1230: directory, with permissions and owner set as necessary, 1231: you're all done. </li> 1232: </ul> 1233: 1234: Immediately after installing mimeTeX, test your new mimetex.cgi 1235: by typing a url into your browser's locator window something like 1236:         1237: http://www.yourdomain.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2 1238: which should display   1239: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 1240: align=middle>   in the upper-left corner of your window, 1241: just like clicking this link does, which tests my mimetex.cgi, 1242:         1243: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2" 1244: target="_top">http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2</a> 1245: If you see the same   <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1246: \normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 align=middle>   image 1247: from the yourdomain link, then you've completed 1248: a successful mimeTeX installation. 1249: 1250: If you don't see the image, then your installation failed. 1251: If your earlier post-compilation "ascii raster" test 1252: succeeeded, then the problem is probably some server-specific 1253: installation requirement. First make sure you installed mimetex.cgi 1254: in the correct cgi-bin/ directory, set the correct chmod 1255: permissions, and typed the correct url into your browser's locator 1256: window. Then contact your system administrator or ISP, 1257: and ask how to install cgi programs on your server. 1258: 1259: After you've successfully installed mimeTeX, and both preceeding tests 1260: have succeeded, you can optionally "regression test" 1261: all mimeTeX features as follows: 1262: <ul> 1263: <li> mv mimetex.html (this file) to your server's 1264: htdocs/ directory </li> 1265: <li> Paths to cgi-bin/ and htdocs/ directories 1266: are typically path/www/cgi-bin/ and 1267: path/www/htdocs/, so I set up mimtex.html 1268: to access mimetex.cgi from the relative path ../cgi-bin/. 1269: If your directories are non-conforming, you may have to edit 1270: the few dozen occurrences of ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi 1271: in your mimetex.html page. Sometimes a suitable symlink works; 1272: if not, you'll have to edit. Globally changing 1273: ../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi usually works. </li> 1274: <li> Now visit your page   1275: http://www.yourdomain.com/mimetex.html </li> 1276: <li> Once your mimetex.html displays properly, you can assume 1277: everything is working, and can begin authoring html documents 1278: using mimetex.cgi to render your own math. </li> 1279: </ul> 1280: 1281: That's all there is to installing mimeTeX. . 1282: 1283: 1284: <h2> <a name="options"> (IIc) Additional Compile-Line Options   </a></h2> 1285: 1286: In addition to -DAA or -DGIF or -DXBITMAP (along with -DWINDOWS 1287: when necessary) on the mimetex.c compile line, as discussed above, 1288: you may also optionally include the following -D switches, 1289: whose functionality is discussed below. 1290: <dl> 1291: <dt> -DAA </dt> 1292: <dd> As already discussed, -DAA turns on anti-aliasing. 1293: It also sets default values for individual anti-aliasing 1294: parameters discussed below. If you specify -DAA 1295: then you needn't specify the individual parameters unless 1296: you want to override the defaults. 1297:       Anti-aliasing can't be applied to mime 1298: xbitmaps, so don't specify -DAA if you also specify -DXBITMAP. 1299:       And mimeTeX's anti-aliasing only works 1300: well on white (or light gray) backgrounds. Your html file 1301: probably contains a <body> tag of the form 1302: <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000"> 1303: which specifies black text on a pure white background. 1304: The background can be grayed down to maybe bgcolor="#e7e7e7", 1305: but much darker will begin to show white rings around 1306: mimeTeX's anti-aliased characters. This page is displayed 1307: using bgcolor="#ffffff". </dd> 1308: <dt> -DCENTERWT=n 1309: -DADJACENTWT=j 1310: -DCORNERWT=k </dt> 1311: <dd> MimeTeX currently provides a lowpass filtering 1312: algorithm for anti-aliasing, which is applied to the 1313: existing set of bitmap fonts. This lowpass filter applies 1314: weights <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1315: \tiny\begin{pmatrix}1&2&1\\2&\,8\,&2\\1&2&1\end{pmatrix}" 1316: alt="" border=0 align=middle> to neighboring pixels. The defaults 1317: weights are CENTERWT=8, ADJACENTWT=2 and CORNERWT=1, 1318: which you can adjust to control anti-aliasing. </dd> 1319: <dt> -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\" </dt> 1320: <dd> This option saves each rendered image to a file in directory 1321: path/, which mimeTeX reads rather than 1322: re-rendering the same image every time it's given 1323: the same LaTeX expression. Sometimes mimeTeX disables caching, 1324: e.g., expressions containing \input{ } are 1325: re-rendered since the contents of the inputted file may have 1326: changed. If compiled without -DCACHEPATH=\"path/\" 1327: mimeTeX always re-renders expressions. This usually isn't too 1328: cpu intensive, but if you have unusually high hit rates then 1329: image caching may be helpful. The path/ 1330: is relative to mimetex.cgi, and must be writable by it. 1331: Files created under path/ are named 1332: filename.gif, where filename 1333: is the 32-character MD5 hash of the LaTeX expression. 1334:       When caching a new image, mimeTeX also 1335: updates the file path/mimetex.log containing 1336: a timestamp, filename and LaTeX expression for each new file 1337: created. A sample entry looks like 1338: <pre>--------------------------------------------------------------------- 1339: 2004-08-07:09:00:53am f8ccc8dd93c8eeb1d9c40b353ef781e0.gif 1340: \LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} 1341: ---------------------------------------------------------------------</pre></dd> 1342: <dt>-DDEFAULTSIZE=n </dt> 1343: <dd> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes numbered 0-7, 1344: and always starts out in DEFAULTSIZE, whose default value is 3. 1345: Specify -DDEFAULTSIZE=2 on the compile line if you prefer 1346: mimeTeX to start in default size 2, etc. </dd> 1347: <dt>-DDISPLAYSIZE=n </dt> 1348: <dd> By default, operator limits like \int_a^b are rendered 1349: \textstyle <a href="#preview"> 1350: <img id="displaysize1" onclick="eqntext('displaysize1')" 1351: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 1352: \normalsize\displaystyle\int\nolimits_a^b" 1353: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \normalsize 1354: and smaller, and rendered \displaystyle <a href="#preview"> 1355: <img id="displaysize2" onclick="eqntext('displaysize2')" 1356: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" 1357: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \large and 1358: larger. This default corresponds to -DDISPLAYSIZE=3, 1359: which you can adjust; e.g., -DDISPLAYSIZE=0 always defaults 1360: to \displaystyle, and 99 (or any large number) 1361: always defaults to \textstyle. Note that explicit 1362: \textstyle, \displaystyle, \limits or 1363: \nolimits directives in an expression always override 1364: the DISPLAYSIZE default. </dd> 1365: <dt>-DGAMMA=gammacorrection </dt> 1366: <dd> Applies gammacorrection to antialiased 1367: gif images. Default is 1.25 (rather than the standard 2.2). 1368: Specify 0.0 to turn off gamma correction (1.0 makes no 1369: gamma correction but doesn't actually turn it off). </dd> 1370: <dt>-DNEWCOMMANDS=\"newcommands.h\" </dt> 1371: <dd> LaTeX-like \newcommand's are available in mimeTeX, 1372: via the following facility to help you define your 1373: own "new commands" during compilation. Edit a file named 1374: newcommands.h (or any filename you specify between 1375: \"...\"'s with the -DNEWCOMMANDS=\"filename\" 1376: switch). For newcommands _without_ 1377: arguments, your file should contain one or more lines 1378: like the following examples: 1379: <pre>{ "\\iint", NULL, "{\\int\\int}" }, 1380: { "\\rightleftharpoons",NULL,"{\\rightharpoonup\\atop\\leftharpoondown}" }, 1381: { "\\ldots", NULL, "{\\Large.\\hspace1.\\hspace1.}" }, 1382: { "\\cr", NULL, "\\\\" }, 1383: { "\\neq", NULL, "{\\not=}" },</pre> 1384: For newcommands _without_ arguments, as illustrated above, 1385: the general form of each line in your file should be   1386: { "\\command", NULL, "{replacement}" }, 1387:     Don't forget a comma at the end of every line, 1388: and write a double backslash \\ 1389: between quotes "...\\..." wherever you actually 1390: want a single backslash \. The only effect 1391: of the above examples (without arguments) is simple string 1392: substitution, i.e., every occurrence of \command 1393: is replaced by {replacement}. Note that the 1394: { }'s surrounding replacement 1395: aren't required, but are usually a good idea (the case 1396: of \cr illustrated above is one exception, where 1397: { }'s would defeat the purpose). 1398:     To define newcommands _with_ arguments, 1399: change the NULL after the \\command 1400: to define your command's arguments as illustrated by the 1401: following example: 1402: <pre>{ "\\lvec", "2n", "#2_1,\\cdots,#2_{#1}" },</pre> 1403: In this case the NULL has been replaced by "2n" 1404: (note the mandatory surrounding quotes "..."). This 1405: example corresponds to the similar one discussed in TLC2 on 1406: page 845. The first character inside the "..."s is 1407:   2   indicating the number of arguments, 1408: which may be 1 thru 9. If there are no 1409: subsequent characters followng this one, then all arguments are 1410: mandatory, enclosed in { }'s as usual. Otherwise, 1411: any subsequent characters signal that the first argument 1412: is optional, enclosed in [ ]'s if given. And 1413: these subsequent characters comprise the first argument's 1414: default value if it's not explicitly given. The illustrated 1415: example's first argument is optional with default value   1416: n   as shown. In this case that's just a single 1417: character, but you can write any length default you like. 1418:     To see many additional examples, search for the 1419: uppercase string NEWCOMMANDS in mimetex.c, and look below that. 1420: All the above examples are already there. </dd> 1421: <dt> -DOPAQUE </dt> 1422: <dd> By default, mimeTeX renders gif images with black symbols 1423: on a transparent white background. Defining OPAQUE renders 1424: images on an opaque background instead. </dd> 1425: <dt> -DPATHPREFIX=\"path/\" </dt> 1426: <dd> The <a href="#input">\input{ }</a> and 1427: <a href="#counter">\counter{ }</a> commands discussed below 1428: require filename arguments which, by default, point to files 1429: residing in the same cgi-bin/ directory as your mimetex.cgi. 1430: Moreover, for security, absolute paths with leading /'s 1431: or \'s, and paths with ../'s or ..\'s, 1432: are not permitted. Instead, compile mimetex with PATHPREFIX 1433: defined as path/ if you want input files in some 1434: other directory. And make sure your path/ ends 1435: with / (or with \ for Windows). </dd> 1436: <dt> -DPLUSBLANK       -or- 1437: -DPLUSNOTBLANK </dt> 1438: <dd> mimeTeX receives your LaTeX math expression as a url 1439: query string, in which blank spaces are often encoded 1440: as %20 or as plus signs +, and 1441: where actual plus signs are often encoded as %2B. 1442: But these conventions aren't always respected, 1443: and even when they are blank spaces may be either 1444: %20 or +. The only ambiguity for 1445: mimeTeX is whether or not to translate plus signs + 1446: back to blank spaces. 1447:       If you know how your applications behave, 1448: then define PLUSBLANK to always translate plus signs + 1449: to blank spaces, or define PLUSNOTBLANK to never translate. 1450:       Otherwise, if you define neither, 1451: mimeTeX applies some common-sense rules to decide whether or 1452: not to translate. These usually work, but can't be guaranteed. 1453: If your query string contains actual blank spaces or 1454: blanks encoded as %20, then plus signs + 1455: aren't translated. Otherwise, if your query string 1456: contains %2B, then plus signs + are 1457: translated. If neither %20 nor %2B, or both 1458: %20 and %2B, occur in your query string, 1459: then the situation is ambiguous. In this case, if mimeTeX 1460: finds two or more plus signs ++ with no intervening 1461: space, then they're translated; otherwise they're not. </dd> 1462: <dt> -DREFERER=\"domain\"       -or- 1463: -DREFERER=\"domain1,domain2,etc\" </dt> 1464: <dd> Blocks mimeTeX requests from unauthorized domains that 1465: are using your mimetex.cgi (hence your server's resources) 1466: without permission. 1467:       If REFERER is defined, mimeTeX 1468: performs a case-insensitive test of the environment variable 1469: HTTP_REFERER to verify that it contains the authorized 'domain' 1470: as a substring. 1471:       If given several 'domain's (second form) 1472: then HTTP_REFERER must contain either 'domain1' or 1473: 'domain2', or etc, as a (case-insensitive) substring. 1474:       If HTTP_REFERER doesn't contain a substring 1475: matching any of these domain(s), then mimeTeX emits an error 1476: message image instead of the requested image. You can manually 1477: modify invalid_referer_msg, defined in function main(), 1478: to personalize the error message for your own site. 1479:       Finally, if HTTP_REFERER is not found as 1480: an environment variable, then mimeTeX correctly generates the 1481: requested image instead of generating an error. </dd> 1482: <dt>-DSECURITY=n </dt> 1483: <dd> This is essentially a "paranoid" setting that defaults 1484: to a high value 999, which inhibits some optional logging 1485: activity. -DCACHEPATH=path/ isn't affected, 1486: since you're explicitly supplying a path/ 1487: you want files written to. But, for example, you must set 1488: -DSECURITY=5 (or less) to permit the \counter 1489: command to create a new counter file. A malicious user 1490: could conceivably flood your file system by submitting 1491: zillions of \counter{filename} commands 1492: to mimeTeX, each with a different filename. </dd> 1493: <dt>-DSMASHMARGIN=n       -or- 1494: -DNOSMASH </dt> 1495: <dd> TeX typically renders an expression like 1496: \frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx as <a href="#preview"> 1497: <img id="nosmash1" onclick="eqntext('nosmash1')" 1498: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 1499: \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx" 1500: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX tries to remove extra 1501: whitespace, rendering the same expression as <a href="#preview"> 1502: <img id="nosmash2" onclick="eqntext('nosmash2')" 1503: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 1504: \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 1505: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. 1506: Compile with -DNOSMASH if you prefer the typical TeX 1507: behavior as mimeTeX's default. Or, to adjust the minimum 1508: number of pixels between smashed symbols (default is 3), 1509: compile with -DSMASHMARGIN=n. 1510: See <a href="#smash">Smash</a> for further discussion. </dd> 1511: <dt> -DWARNINGS=n       -or- 1512: -DNOWARNINGS </dt> 1513: <dd> If an expression submitted to mimeTeX contains an 1514: unrecognzied escape sequence, e.g., "y=x+\abc+1", then 1515: mimeTeX generates a gif image containing an embedded 1516: warning in the form "y=x+[\abc?]+1". Or, if an expression 1517: contains an unrecognized character, i.e., one for which mimeTeX 1518: has no corresponding bitmap, then the embedded warning is [?]. 1519: If you want these warnings suppressed, either -DWARNINGS=0 1520: or -DNOWARNINGS on the compile line tells mimeTeX to treat 1521: unrecognized/undisplayable input as white space. </dd> 1522: <dt> -DWHITE </dt> 1523: <dd> MimeTeX usually renders black symbols on a white 1524: background. This option renders white symbols on 1525: a transparent black background instead (or on an opaque 1526: black background when combined with -DOPAQUE ). </dd> 1527: </dl> 1528: 1529: 1530: <h2> <a name="cmdline"> (IId) Command Line Features   </a> </h2> 1531: 1532: MimeTeX usually runs from a browser, obtaining its input expression 1533: from a query_string. But you can also run mimeTeX from your Unix 1534: shell, supplying all input from the command line. This was briefly 1535: illustrated above, where you were advised to test your newly-compiled 1536: mimeTeX executable from the command line before installing it. 1537: 1538: In addition to such simple testing, mimeTeX also provides some 1539: possibly useful functionality from the command line. In particular, 1540: you can store a gif (or xbitmap) image of any expression to a file. 1541: No syntax checking is applied to command-line arguments, so enter 1542: them carefully. (Likewise, plus signs + are never 1543: translated to blank spaces, nor is any other %xx url decoding 1544: performed on command-line arguments.) 1545: 1546: The complete command-line syntax for mimeTeX is 1547: <pre> 1548: ./mimetex [ -d ] dump gif image on stdout, 1549: [ -e export_file ] or write gif image to export_file 1550: [ expression expression, e.g., "x^2+y^2", 1551: | -f input_file ] or read expression from input_file 1552: [ -g1 -d ] dump .pbm-formatted image on stdout 1553: [ -g1 -e export_file ] or write .pbm image to export_file 1554: [ -g2 -d ] dump anti-aliased .pgm image on stdout 1555: [ -g2 -e export_file ] or write .pgm image to export_file 1556: [ -m msglevel ] verbosity of debugging output 1557: [ -o ] render image with opaque background 1558: [ -s fontsize ] default fontsize, 0-5 1559: 1560: -d Rather than printing ascii debugging output, mimeTeX 1561: dumps the actual gif (or xbitmap) to stdout, e.g., 1562: ./mimetex -d "x^2+y^2" > expression.gif 1563: creates expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 1564: 1565: -e export_file Like -d but writes the actual gif 1566: (or xbitmap) directly to export_file, e.g., 1567: ./mimetex -e expression.gif "x^2+y^2" 1568: creates file expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 1569: 1570: expression Place LaTeX expression directly on command 1571: line, with no -switch preceding it, as in the example 1572: immediately above, or..... 1573: 1574: -f input_file .....read expression from input_file 1575: (and automatically assume -d switch). The input_file 1576: may contain the expression on one line or spread out 1577: over many lines. MimeTeX will concatanate all lines 1578: from input_file to construct one long expression. 1579: Blanks, tabs, and newlines are just ignored. 1580: 1581: -g1 -d dumps a .pbm-formatted portable bitmap image to stdout. 1582: Note that this is the bitmap image _before_ anti-aliasing. 1583: 1584: -g1 -e export_file Like -g1 -d but writes the .pbm-formatted 1585: portable bitmap directly to export_file, e.g., 1586: ./mimetex -g1 -e expression.pbm "x^2+y^2" 1587: creates file expression.pbm containing a bitmap image 1588: of x^2+y^2 before anti-aliasing. 1589: 1590: -g2 -d dumps a .pgm-formatted portable graphic image to stdout. 1591: Note that this is the bytemap image _after_ anti-aliasing. 1592: 1593: -g2 -e export_file Like -g2 -d but writes the .pgm-formatted 1594: portable graphic image directly to export_file, e.g., 1595: ./mimetex -g3 -e expression.pgm "x^2+y^2" 1596: creates file expression.pgm containing a bytemap image 1597: of x^2+y^2 after anti-aliasing. 1598: 1599: -m msglevel 0-99, controls verbosity/message level for 1600: debugging output (usually used only while testing code). 1601: 1602: -o Rather than the default transparent gif background, 1603: the rendered image will contain black symbols on an 1604: opaque white background (or vice versa if compiled 1605: with -DWHITE). For example, if you have ImageMagick's 1606: display utility, 1607: ./mimetex -o -d "x^2+y^2" | display & 1608: opens a small window containing the rendered expression. 1609: (Note: if you already compiled mimeTeX with -DOPAQUE 1610: then -o renders images on a transparent background.) 1611: 1612: -s fontsize 0-7, font size. Font size can also be specified 1613: within the expression by a directive, e.g., \Large f(x)=x^2 1614: displays f(x)=x^2 at font size 4, overriding -s. 1615: Default font size is 3. 1616: </pre> 1617: 1618: 1619: 1620:  1623: <h1> <a name="reference"> (III) Syntax Reference   </a> </h1> 1624: 1625: Since mimeTeX's syntax is as TeX-like as possible, we'll mostly discuss 1626: the occasional differences. 1627:  1629: This section contains short paragraphs that each discuss some aspect 1630: of mimeTeX where your LaTeX experience might not be precisely 1631: duplicated. 1632: 1633: Anything not discussed here that still doesn't behave like you expect 1634: is probably just not implemented. That includes (La)TeX packages 1635: (though a few ams commands like \begin{gather} and \begin{pmatrix} 1636: are recognized), non-standard fonts, etc. You can try out any 1637: questionable syntax by <a href="#forminput">Submit</a>ting a query 1638: to quickly see whether or not it works. And you might want to 1639: occasionally re-browse the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> above, 1640: which may better illustrate implemented features. 1641: 1642: 1643: <h2> <a name="spaces"> (IIIa) \unitlength{ }, Math Spaces and Whitespace 1644:   </a> </h2> 1645: 1646: <h3> <a name="unitlength">\unitlength...</a> </h3> 1647: 1648: Lengths in mimeTeX are all ultimately expressed in number of pixels. 1649: Various commands discussed below require length arguments, including 1650: <ul> 1651: <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hspace{ }</a> </li> 1652: <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hfill{ }</a> </li> 1653: <li> <a href="#raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ }</a> </li> 1654: <li> <a href="#circleline">\line( , )</a> and 1655: <a href="#circleline">\circle( , )</a> </li> 1656: <li> <a href="#arrows">\longrightarrow[ ]</a> </li> 1657: </ul> 1658: (the \longxxxarrow [ ]-arguments are optional mimeTeX 1659: extensions to LaTeX)   MimeTeX's length-type arguments never 1660: take units, e.g., {10pt} and {1cm} are both invalid. Lengths always 1661: refer to number of pixels, optionally scaled by a user-specified 1662: \unitlength. 1663: 1664: MimeTeX's \unitlength{ } command lets you specify 1665: the number of pixels per "length unit", e.g., 1666: \unitlength{10} \hspace{2.5} renders a 25-pixel space. 1667: Both \unitlength{ } and \hspace{ }'s 1668: length arguments may be integers or may contain decimal points. 1669: Ditto for all other mimeTeX commands that take length arguments. 1670: The default \unitlength is, you guessed it, 1. 1671: 1672: A specified \unitlength applies to all subsequent terms, 1673: i.e., everything to its right. And several \unitlength's 1674: may be specified in the same expression, each one overriding 1675: those to its left. But if one or more \unitlength's 1676: appear within a { }-enclosed subexpression, then terms 1677: following its closing right } revert to the \unitlength 1678: in effect before its opening left {. For example, <center> 1679: A\hspace{10} {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C} \hspace{10}D 1680:   produces   1681: <a href="#preview"><img id="unitlength1" onclick="eqntext('unitlength1')" 1682: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\hspace{10} 1683: {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C}\hspace{10}D" 1684: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1685: which has a 10-pixel space between A and B, then 1686: 25 pixels between B and C, and finally 1687: another 10 pixels between C and D. 1688: 1689: <h3> <a name="mathspace">Math Spaces...</a> </h3> 1690: 1691: Except inside <a href="#textboxes">text boxes</a>, 1692: unescaped blanks, tildes (a ~), and all other usual 1693: <a href="#whitespace">whitespace</a> characters are completely 1694: ignored by mimeTeX, just like they are in LaTeX math mode. 1695: As usual, you must explicitly write one of the recognized math 1696: spaces to put extra visible space in your rendered expressions. 1697: 1698: MimeTeX recognizes math spaces \/ \, \: \; 1699: as well as \quad and \qquad , 1700: and also a backslashed blank   1701: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?1$\backsl\raise{-5}{\rotate{-90}]}" 1702: alt="" border=0 align=middle>   1703: (i.e., a \ followed by a blank). 1704: For example,   1705: (a\/b\,c\:d\;e\  f\quad  g\qquad  h) 1706: &nbsp renders   1707: <a href="#preview"><img id="spacing2" onclick="eqntext('spacing2')" 1708: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?(a\/b\,c\:d\;e\ f\quad g\qquad h)" 1709: alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a>. 1710: In mimeTeX, you may also write   \hspace{10}   1711: to insert a 10-pixel (or any other number) space, scaled by any 1712: preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, as illustrated 1713: just above. 1714: 1715: For negative spaces,   \!   produces a small (two 1716: pixel) negative space, e.g.,   a=b   renders   1717: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom"> 1718:   whereas   a\!=b   renders   1719: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a\!=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom"> 1720:   and   a\!\!=b   renders   1721: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a\!\!=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom">. 1722: For large negative space,   \hspace{-10}   permits 1723: a negative argument. But it stops at the first pixel to its left 1724: rather than "erasing" pixels. If you don't want to stop, use 1725:   \hspace*{-10}   instead. For example, 1726:   ABC\hspace*{-20}-DEF   renders   1727: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?ABC\hspace*{-20}-DEF" 1728: alt="" border=0 align="bottom">,   erasing all of the C 1729: and the right half of the B. 1730: 1731:  1738: 1739: MimeTeX also supports \hfill{textwidth}, where 1740: textwidth is roughly equivalent to LaTeX's 1741: \textwidth, i.e., it's the total number of pixels, scaled by 1742: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, that your entire rendered 1743: expression will span. However, if \hfill{ } appears 1744: within a { }-enclosed subexpression, then it applies 1745: only to that subexpression. For example, <center> 1746: {abc \hfill{75} def} \hfill{150} ghi 1747:     produces     1748: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace1" onclick="eqntext('mathspace1')" 1749: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large{abc\hfill{75}def}\hfill{150}ghi" 1750: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1751: The first/inner \hfill{75} inserts exactly enough whitespace so 1752: that subexpression "abc  def" spans 75 pixels. 1753: Then the second/outer \hfill{150} inserts exactly enough 1754: whitespace so that the entire expression spans 150 pixels. 1755: Without explicit { }-nesting, mimeTeX evaluates expressions 1756: left-to-right (sinistrally), e.g., ...\hfill{150}...\hfill{75}... 1757: is exactly equivalent to ...\hfill{150}{...\hfill{75}...}. 1758: Notice that, this time, the second/right textwidth 1759: argument is necessarily smaller than the first/left. 1760: 1761: Finally, mimeTeX begins a new line whenever you write \\ . 1762: And you may optionally write \\[10] to put a 10-pixel (or any 1763: other number) vertical space, scaled by 1764: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, between lines. 1765: <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> also splits long 1766: equations over several lines, as illustrated by 1767: <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above. 1768: But when that's not the best solution, you can also write, 1769: for example, <center> 1770: y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h 1771:     to produce     1772: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace2" onclick="eqntext('mathspace2')" 1773: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h" 1774: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1775: 1776: However, mimeTeX can't correctly handle automatically-sized delimiters 1777: across linebreaks, e.g., <center> 1778: y=\left\{a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\right\} 1779:     produces     1780: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace3" onclick="eqntext('mathspace3')" 1781: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\{a+b+c+d\\ 1782: \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 1783: whereas you probably wanted         1784: <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace4" onclick="eqntext('mathspace4')" 1785: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\big{a+b+c+d\\ 1786: \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\big}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 1787: </center> 1788: which I produced using \big{...\\...\big} instead 1789: of \left\{...\\...\right\}. Expressions of the 1790: form \left...\right \\ \left...\right should all be 1791: rendered properly. It's only \left...\\...\right that will 1792: look odd. 1793: 1794: <h3> <a name="whitespace">Whitespace, Comments, 1795: and some other characters...</a> </h3> 1796: 1797: Some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces 1798: inside html query_string's. In that case, you can write 1799: tildes (a ~) wherever blanks are required or desired, 1800: e.g., \alpha~w instead of \alpha w, or 1801: \frac~xy or \sqrt~z, etc. MimeTeX correctly 1802: interprets both blanks and ~'s, and all 1803: other usual whitespace characters. So use whatever's convenient 1804: as long as it's correctly interpreted inside query_string's by your 1805: browser. 1806: 1807: Similarly, some browsers occasionally misinterpret linebreaks/newlines 1808: inside the middle of long html query_string's. 1809: For example, 1810: <pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} 1811: \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt" 1812: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre> 1813: breaks a long query_string over two lines. If your browser interprets 1814: this correctly, then mimeTeX will render it correctly, too. Otherwise, 1815: you'll have to enter long expressions on one big long line. 1816: 1817: If you can break long query_string's over several lines, then you may 1818: find mimeTeX's %%comments%% feature useful, too. Note that 1819: comments must be preceded and followed by two %'s 1820: rather than LaTeX's usual one. The above example could be written 1821: <pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} %%normalization%% 1822: \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt %%integral%%" 1823: alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre> 1824: 1825: Besides whitespace, browsers may misinterpret embedded apostrophes, 1826: and especially quotes, within query strings. The a's and 1827: b's in <a href="#example7">Example 7</a> above actually use 1828: superscripted commas for apostrophes, i.e., a^,s and b^,s, 1829: and you can also use LaTeX \prime's, as in a^\prime s. 1830: For quotes, you can use ^{,,} since " almost certainly 1831: won't work. To help make things easier, in addition to the usual 1832: LaTeX \prime, mimeTeX also recognizes \apostrophe and 1833: \quote and \percent, all with the obvious meanings. 1834: 1835: 1836: <h2> <a name="symbols"> (IIIb) Math Symbols, Sizes, and Modes   </a></h2> 1837: 1838: <h3> <a name="characters">Character Sets...</a> </h3> 1839: 1840: For complete information about the characters and math symbols 1841: available in mimeTeX, you'll need to browse through the bottom 1842: 500-or-so lines of mimetex.h. And several additional 1843: symbols like \ldots and \AA and \hbar are 1844: defined by the mimeTeX preprocessor, function mimeprep( ) 1845: in mimetex.c     Generally speaking, I've tried to 1846: encode the cmr10, cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10, cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10, 1847: stmary10 and wncyr10 families with "names", e.g., \alpha \beta 1848: \forall \sqcup, etc, identical to your LaTeX expectations. 1849: For example, the calligraphic symbols in cmsy10 are accessed by 1850: writing \mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{XYZ}. Similarly, 1851: write \mathbf{A} for the cmmib fonts, write \mathscr{A} 1852: for rsfs10, write \mathbb{R} for bbold10, and write 1853: {\cyr Khrushchev} or \cyr{Khrushchev} to see 1854: <a href="#preview"><img id="cyrillic1" onclick="eqntext('cyrillic1')" 1855: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\cyr Khrushchev" 1856: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 1857: Most LaTeX distributions supply stmaryrd.dvi and stmaryrd.sty 1858: that both document the names of the stmary10 symbols. 1859: Similarly, amsfndoc.dvi documents the names of the wncyr10 1860: cyrillic symbols and ligatures. 1861:  1871: I haven't exhaustively checked all the name-number matchings for 1872: the hundreds of symbols in mimetex.h. You can eaily correct 1873: any minor mistake you find in what I hope is an obvious manner. 1874: The fonts <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below provides 1875: additional information. 1876: 1877: In addition to extra LaTeX symbols like \ldots, \AA 1878: and \hbar, mentioned above, the mimeTeX preprocessor 1879: mimeprep( ) also recognizes various html special 1880: characters like &lt;, &gt;, &nbsp;, 1881: &quot;, &amp;, etc. Some web tools apparently 1882: translate characters like, e.g., > to &gt;, 1883: even inside quoted query_string's, so mimeTeX's preprocessor 1884: translates them back to LaTeX symbols for you. Moreover, html 1885: misinterprets quotes  "  inside a quoted 1886: query string as the end of the query string. So, for example, 1887: the cyrillic ligature \"E has to be written in the 1888: even more cumbersome form \&quot;E inside a query 1889: string. 1890: 1891: <h3> <a name="sizes">Font Sizes...</a> </h3> 1892: 1893: MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes, numbered 0-7, with default 3. 1894: This font size numbering corresponds to the usual LaTeX directives 1895:   \tiny,   \small,   \normalsize, 1896:   \large (default),   \Large,   1897: \LARGE,   \huge and \Huge. 1898: These directives can be placed anywhere in a mimeTeX expression, 1899: and they change font size from that point forwards. However, as usual, 1900: a font size change inside a { }-subexpression remains 1901: in effect only within that subexpression. 1902: 1903: In mimeTeX you may also write \fontsize{0}...\fontsize{7} or 1904: the shorter \fs{0},...,\fs{7} for \tiny,...,\Huge. 1905: And since these arguments are all single digits, the even shorter 1906: form \fs0,...,\fs7 works equally well. For example, 1907: <center> <table cellpadding=0> 1908: <tr align=center> 1909: <td align="left"> 0:   1910: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\tiny f(x)=x^2"> 1911:   produces... </td> 1912: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes0" onclick="eqntext('sizes0')" 1913: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\tiny f(x)=x^2" 1914: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1915: <tr align=center> 1916: <td align="left"> 1:   1917: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs1 f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1918: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')" 1919: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs1 f(x)=x^2" 1920: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1921: <tr align=center> 1922: <td align="left"> 2:   1923: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1924: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')" 1925: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f(x)=x^2" 1926: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1927: <tr align=center> 1928: <td align="left"> 3:   1929: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1930: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes3" onclick="eqntext('sizes3')" 1931: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2" 1932: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1933: <tr align=center> 1934: <td align="left"> 4:   1935: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1936: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')" 1937: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f(x)=x^2" 1938: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1939: <tr align=center> 1940: <td align="left"> 5:   1941: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs5 f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1942: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')" 1943: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs5f(x)=x^2" 1944: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1945: <tr align=center> 1946: <td align="left"> 6:   1947: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\huge f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1948: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')" 1949: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\huge f(x)=x^2" 1950: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1951: <tr align=center> 1952: <td align="left"> 7:   1953: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs7 f(x)=x^2"> </td> 1954: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')" 1955: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs7 f(x)=x^2" 1956: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> 1957: </table> </center> 1958: rendering f(x)=x^2 in mimeTeX font sizes   1959: 0 (\tiny or \fs0),   1 (\small or \fs1),   1960: 2 (\normalsize or \fs2),   3 (default \large),   1961: 4 (\Large or \fs4),   5 (\LARGE or \fs5),   1962: 6 (\huge or \fs6)   and   7 (\Huge or \fs7). 1963: 1964: You'll soon notice that exponents and \frac's and \atop's 1965: are automatically rendered one size smaller than their base 1966: expressions. For example, <center> 1967: \Large y=e^{x^2}   produces   1968: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')" 1969: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{x^2}" 1970: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1971: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large), the "x" in 1972: font size 3 (\large), and the "2" in font size 2 (\normalsize). 1973: If you get below font size 0, the font size remains 0. 1974: 1975: Explicit size declarations override mimeTeX's default sizing behavior. 1976: You can rewrite the preceding example as, say, <center> 1977: \Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}   which now produces 1978:   <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')" 1979: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}" 1980: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 1981: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large unchanged), 1982: the "x" in font size 2 (\normalsize), and the "2" 1983: in font size 0 (\tiny). 1984: 1985: Preceding an \fs{ } size argument with + or 1986: - specifies "relative" sizing. For example, 1987: \large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi} produces 1988: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')" 1989: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi}" 1990: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, rendering the "def" 1991: in font size 1 (two sizes smaller than \large). Note that 1992: \fs{-2} affects only the subexpression in which it appears, 1993: and that its braces are no longer optional since -2 contains 1994: two characters. For exponents (or any other size-changing commands 1995: like \frac), <center> 1996: \Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}   produces   1997: <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')" 1998: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}" 1999: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2000: rendering the "y=e" in font size 4 (\Large), as usual. 2001: The "x" would usually be rendered one size smaller, 2002: in font size 3, and your \fs{-1} is applied to that, 2003: resulting in font size 2. And the final "2" is rendered, 2004: by the usual rules, one size smaller than the "x", 2005: in font size 1. 2006: 2007: <h3> <a name="modes">Modes...</a> </h3> 2008: 2009: MimeTeX is always in a math-like mode, so you needn't surround 2010: expressions with $...$'s for \textstyle, 2011: or $$...$$'s for \displaystyle. 2012:  2016: By default, operator limits like \int_a^b are rendered 2017: \textstyle <a href="#preview"> 2018: <img id="modes99a" onclick="eqntext('modes99a')" 2019: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\int_a^b" 2020: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \normalsize 2021: and smaller, and rendered \displaystyle <a href="#preview"> 2022: <img id="modes99b" onclick="eqntext('modes99b')" 2023: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" 2024: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes \large and 2025: larger (see the -DDISPLAYSIZE 2026: <a href="#options">compile option</a> to change this default). 2027: And when \displaystyle is invoked (either implicitly at font size 2028: \large or larger, or if you explicitly write \displaystyle 2029: at any font size), then operators \int, \sum, 2030: \prod, etc, are automatically promoted to larger sizes. 2031:  2032:  2034:  2036: For example, <center> 2037:  2042: \normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 2043:     produces     2044: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2a" onclick="eqntext('modes2a')" 2045: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 2046: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>,   whereas 2047: \displaystyle \normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 2048:  produces  2049: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" 2050: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2051: \normalsize\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 2052: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, </center> 2053: and  <center> 2055: \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2   produces   2056: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" 2057: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 2058: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>,   whereas 2059: \textstyle \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 2060:     produces     2061: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2b" onclick="eqntext('modes2b')" 2062: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\textstyle\large 2063: \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2064:  </center> 2065: 2066: As usual, \nolimits turns displaystyle off (or textstyle on) 2067: for the operator immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 2068: \large \sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 2069:   produces   2070: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes3" onclick="eqntext('modes3')" 2071: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2072: \large\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 2073: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a></center> 2074: and likewise, \limits turns displaystyle on for the operator 2075: immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 2076: \normalsize \sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2 2077:   produces   2078: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes4" onclick="eqntext('modes4')" 2079: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2080: \normalsize\sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" 2081: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2082: 2083: By the way, \limits affects _any_ character 2084: or subexpression immediately preceding it. For example, <center> 2085: A^i_j   produces   2086: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes5" onclick="eqntext('modes5')" 2087: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A^i_j" 2088: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     as usual, whereas 2089: A\limits^i_j   produces   2090: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes6" onclick="eqntext('modes6')" 2091: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\limits^i_j" 2092: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. </center> 2093: Likewise, for subexpressions, <center> 2094: \widehat{xyz}\limits^a   produces   2095: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes7" onclick="eqntext('modes7')" 2096: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\widehat{xyz}\limits^a" 2097: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2098: This side effect may occasionally be useful. For example, <center> 2099: x\rightarrow\limits^gy   produces   2100: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes8" onclick="eqntext('modes8')" 2101: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\rightarrow\limits^gy" 2102: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2103: (mimeTeX automatically centers super/subscripts above/below 2104: the long and Long <a href="#arrows">arrow</a> forms) 2105: 2106: The \displaystyle command turns on displaystyle math mode for 2107: the entire expression (or { }-enclosed subexpression), 2108: affecting _all_ super/subscripts to the right 2109: of the \displaystyle, except for character classes Ordinary and 2110: Variable (TeXbook page 154). Similarly, \textstyle turns 2111: off displaystyle math mode. For example, <center> 2112: \sum_1^n {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j} \sum_1^m 2113:   produces   2114: <a href="#preview"><img id="modes9" onclick="eqntext('modes9')" 2115: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_1^n 2116: {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j}\sum_1^m" 2117: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2118: Note that \sum's within the subexpression are all affected by 2119: the beginning \displaystyle, but not the Variable x_i^j. 2120: An explicit x\limits_i^j always affects any preceding term. 2121: 2122: <h3> <a name="textboxes">text boxes...</a> </h3> 2123: 2124: Finally, mimeTeX also has a text-like/roman mode 2125: entered by writing either \text{anything at all} 2126: or the equivalent LaTeX-2.09-like command 2127: {\rm anything at all}, both of which render 2128: anything at all in roman (font family cmr10). 2129: \mbox{ } and several similar LaTeX commands are 2130: recognized by mimeTeX as synonyms for \text{ }. 2131: For italic, write \textit{anything at all} or 2132: {\it anything at all}, both of which render 2133: anything at all in italic (font family cmmi10). 2134: All four forms respect spaces between words, except that the 2135: first/required space after {\rm etc} and 2136: {\it etc} is still ignored.  For example, <center> 2139: anything at all   just produces   2140: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes1" onclick="eqntext('textboxes1')" 2141: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize anything at all" 2142: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     whereas 2143: \text{anything at all}   produces   2144: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes2" onclick="eqntext('textboxes2')" 2145: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\text{anything at all}" 2146: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     and 2147: \textit{anything at all}   produces   2148: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes3" onclick="eqntext('textboxes3')" 2149: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textit{anything at all}" 2150: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     instead. </center> 2151: 2152: You don't usually surround mimeTeX expressions with $'s, 2153: but that works in the usual way for \text{ } and 2154: \mbox{ }, rendering the $...$-enclosed 2155: subexpression in mathmode. For example, <center> 2156: n=\left\{m/2\text{    if $m$ even} 2157: \$m+1)/2\text{  if $m$ odd}\right. 2158:   produces   2159: <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes9" onclick="eqntext('textboxes9')" 2160: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2161: n=\left\{m/2\text{ if $m$ even}\\(m+1)/2\text{ if $m$ odd}\right." 2162: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2163: 2164: 2165: <h2> <a name="delimiters"> (IIIc) Delimiters   </a> </h2> 2166: 2167: <h3> <a name="parens">Parentheses and Braces 2168: (delimiters)...</a> </h3> 2169: 2170: LaTeX's \left( ... \right) and the other 21 2171: standard LaTeX delimiters are also recognized by mimeTeX. 2172: And mimeTeX also recognizes an etex-like \middle.   2173:  2182:  Several of the most common automatically sized delimiters 2188: are illustrated below... <center> 2189:  2190: <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1> 2191: <tr align=center> 2192:  2193: <td> Delimiter </td> 2194:  2195: <td> example... </td> 2196: <td> ...renders </td> 2197: </tr> 2198: <tr align=center> 2199: <td> \left( ... \right) </td> 2200:  2201: <td> \left( \frac1{1-x^2} \right)^2 </td> 2202: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens1" onclick="eqntext('parens1')" 2203: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left(\frac1{1-x^2}\right)^2" 2204: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2205: </tr> 2206: <tr align=center> 2207: <td> \left[ ... \right] </td> 2208:  2209: <td> \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n </td> 2210: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens2" onclick="eqntext('parens2')" 2211: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large 2212: \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n" 2213: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2214: </tr> 2215: <tr align=center> 2216: <td> \left\{ ... \right\} </td> 2217:  2218: <td> \left\{ 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots \right\} </td> 2219: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens3" onclick="eqntext('parens3')" 2220: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2221: \large\left\{1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots\right\}" 2222: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2223: </tr> 2224: <tr align=center> 2225: <td> \left\langle   ... 2226:         ...  \right\rangle </td> 2227:  2228: <td> \left\langle \varphi \middle| \hat H 2229:         \middle| \phi \right\rangle </td> 2230: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens4" onclick="eqntext('parens4')" 2231: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large 2232: \left\langle\varphi\middle|\hat H\middle|\phi\right\rangle" 2233: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2234: </tr> 2235: <tr align=center> 2236: <td> \left| ... \right| </td> 2237:  2238: <td> \left| \begin{matrix} a_1 & a_2 \\ 2239:       a_3 & a_4 \end{matrix} \right|</td> 2240: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens5" onclick="eqntext('parens5')" 2241: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2242: \left|\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2\\a_3&a_4\end{matrix}\right|" 2243: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2244: </tr> 2245: <tr align=center> 2246: <td> \left\| ... \right\| </td> 2247:  2248: <td> \left\|x^2-y^2\right\| </td> 2249: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens6" onclick="eqntext('parens6')" 2250: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\left\|x^2-y^2\right\|" 2251: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2252: </tr> 2253: <tr align=center> 2254: <td> \left\{ ...  2255: \right. </td> 2256:  2257: <td> y=\left\{ \text{this\\that} 2258: \right. </td> 2259: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens7" onclick="eqntext('parens7')" 2260: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2261: \large y=\left\{\text{this\\that}\right." 2262: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2263: </tr> 2264: <tr align=center> 2265: <td> \left. 2266:  ... \right\} </td> 2267:  2268: <td> \left. 2269: \text{this\\that} \right\}=y </td> 2270: <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens8" onclick="eqntext('parens8')" 2271: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2272: \large\left.\text{this\\that}\right\}=y" 2273: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> 2274: </tr> 2275: </table> </center> 2276: Notes...  2277: <ol compact type=1> 2278:  2280: <li> <a href="#sizes">Size declarations</a> inside any of the 2281: above delimiter pairs affect only the enclosed subexpression, 2282: e.g., \Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z produces 2283: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9" onclick="eqntext('parens9')" 2284: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z" 2285: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li> 2286: <li> An expression may contain as many etex-like \middle's as 2287: you like, and in mimeTeX the surrounding \left...\right 2288: isn't required. When omitted, the scope of \middle is 2289: either the entire expression or the   { }-enclosed 2290: subexpression in which the \middle's occur. For example,   2291: \frac{a+1}b \middle/ \middle(\frac{c+1}d \middle/ \frac{e+1}f\middle) 2292:   renders   2293: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2294: \frac{a+1}b\middle/\middle(\frac{c+1}d\middle/\frac{e+1}f\middle)" 2295: border=0 align=middle>. </li> 2296: <li> In the last two examples, note that mimeTeX recognizes the 2297:   \\   in   \text{this\\that}   2298: as a linebreak. For example, x=1\\y=2\\z=3 renders   2299: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9b" onclick="eqntext('parens9b')" 2300: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small x=1\\y=2\\z=3" 2301: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li> 2302:  2307:  2314:  2326:  2330:  2336:  2343: </ol> 2344: 2345: Besides the \left...\right delimiters discussed above, 2346: mimeTeX also supports constructions like 2347: \left\int_a^b...\right. , which automatically 2348: sizes the \left\int to accommodate everything between it 2349: and its matching \right.   delimiter. 2350: The \right delimiter needn't necessarily be 2351: the \right.   illustrated, e.g., 2352: \left\int_a^b x^2dx =\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b 2353: produces 2354: <a href="#preview"><img id="parens11" onclick="eqntext('parens11')" 2355: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2356: \left\int_a^bx^2dx=\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b" border=0 alt="" 2357: align=middle></a>.  2361: You can also write \left\sum, \left\prod, 2362: \left\cup, etc, for many of the symbols in CMEX10 and STMARY10. 2363: And any symbol that works with \left will also work 2364: with \right .  2368: 2369: Unescaped ( )'s and [ ]'s and | |'s 2370: and < >'s don't need to be balanced since mimeTeX just 2371: displays them like ordinary characters without any special significance. 2372: Ditto for the usual four \big( and \Big( and \bigg( 2373: and \Bigg(, and for their four right ) counterparts, which 2374: just display (...)'s at fixed larger sizes, and also have no 2375: special significance. All four big [ ]'s and 2376: < >'s and { }'s are also available 2377: as ordinary characters. 2378: 2379: As usual, unescaped {...}'s aren't displayed at all, 2380: must be balanced, and have the usual special LaTeX significance. 2381: MimeTeX interprets escaped \{...\}'s as abbreviations 2382: for \left\{...\right\} and therefore always sizes them to fit. 2383: If you need displayed but unsized {...}'s, write 2384: \lbrace...\rbrace or any of the four \big{...\big}'s. 2385: 2386: 2387: <h2> <a name="accents"> (IIId) Accents, Functions, Arrows, 2388: Raise and rotate, Compose, Abbreviations, etc.   </a> </h2> 2389: 2390: <h3> Accents... </h3> 2391: 2392: 2393: \vec{ } \hat{ } \bar{ } \tilde{ } \dot{ } 2394: \ddot{&nbsp}   and   \acute{ } \grave{ } 2395: \breve{ } \check{&nbsp} are the only accents currently 2396: supported. The first four are all "wide". For example, you can write 2397: \widehat{ } if you like, but there's absolutely no 2398: difference either way (and \bar{ } and 2399: \overline{ } are identical). The last four accents 2400: only take a single character argument. 2401: 2402: Other accent-like directives available in mimeTeX are   2403: \underline{ } \cancel{ } \sout{ },   2404: as well as   2405: \overset{ }{ }   \underset{ }{ }   2406: and the more ususal   2407: \overbrace{ }^{ }   \underbrace{ }_{ }. 2408:   And \not also works on the single character immediately 2409: following it. Some of these directives are discussed in more detail 2410: below. 2411: 2412: <h3> <a name="functions">Function names...</a> </h3> 2413: 2414: All 32 usual LaTeX function names \arccos,...,\tanh 2415: are recognized by mimeTeX and treated in the usual way. MimeTeX 2416: also recognizes \tr for the trace, and also \bmod 2417: and \pmod. And those functions that normally take "limits" 2418: also behave as expected, e.g., <center> 2419: \lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S   produces   2420: <a href="#preview"><img id="functions1" onclick="eqntext('functions1')" 2421: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S" 2422: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2423: 2424: <h3> <a name="arrows">long Arrows...</a> </h3> 2425: 2426: All mimeTeX \long and \Long arrows take an optional [width] argument 2427: that explicitly sets the arrow's width in pixels, scaled by 2428: <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. For example, 2429: \longrightarrow[50] draws a 50-pixel wide arrow 2430: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows1" onclick="eqntext('arrows1')" 2431: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow[50]" alt="" border=0 2432: align=middle></a>, whereas just \longrightarrow calculates 2433: a default width 2434: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows2" onclick="eqntext('arrows2')" 2435: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow" alt="" border=0 2436: align=middle></a>, as usual. And, in addition to the usual 2437: right, left and leftright arrows, there are also \long (and \Long) up, 2438: down and updown arrows that take an optional [height] argument, also 2439: scaled by any preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. 2440: 2441: In the event that you actually want to place an []-enclosed expression 2442: immediately following an "unsized" long arrow, just place a ~ or 2443: any white space after the arrow, e.g., f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1] 2444: produces 2445: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows3" onclick="eqntext('arrows3')" 2446: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1]" 2447: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Without any intervening white space, 2448: mimeTeX would have "eaten" the [0,1]. 2449: 2450: Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long left/right arrows 2451: are displayed the same way <a href="#modes">\limits</a> displays them, 2452: e.g., <center> 2453: x\longrightarrow^gy   produces   2454: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows4" onclick="eqntext('arrows4')" 2455: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow^gy" 2456: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2457: x\longrightarrow[50]^gy   produces   2458: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows5" onclick="eqntext('arrows5')" 2459: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow[50]^gy" 2460: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2461: Subscripted long arrows can occasionally be useful, too, as in 2462: <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> above, e.g., <center> 2463: u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta v   produces   2464: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows6" onclick="eqntext('arrows6')" 2465: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta^{\,}v" 2466: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2467: To defeat this default behavior, e.g., \longrightarrow\nolimits^g 2468: displays super/subscripts in the usual way. 2469: 2470: Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long up/down arrows 2471: are treated correspondingly, i.e., superscripts are vertically 2472: centered to the arrow's left, and subscripts to its right. 2473: For example, <center> 2474: \longuparrow[30]^\gamma   produces   2475: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows7" onclick="eqntext('arrows7')" 2476: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longuparrow[30]^\gamma" 2477: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 2478: \longdownarrow[30]_\gamma   produces       2479: <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows8" onclick="eqntext('arrows8')" 2480: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longdownarrow[30]_\gamma" 2481: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2482: whose occasional usefulness is also illustrated by 2483: <a href="#example11">Example 11</a>. And as before, to defeat 2484: this default behavior, e.g., \longuparrow\nolimits^\gamma 2485: displays super/subscripts in the usual way. 2486: 2487: <h3> <a name="raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ } and 2488: \rotatebox{ }{ } and \reflectbox[ ]{ } 2489: ...</a> </h3> 2490: 2491: The \raisebox{height}{expression} 2492: and \rotatebox{angle}{expression} 2493: and \reflectbox[axis]{expression} 2494: commands help you fine-tune and manipulate mimeTeX renderings: 2495: <ul> 2496: <li> \raisebox's height argument is number 2497: of pixels, scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, 2498: and can be positive or negative. </li> 2499: <li> \rotatebox's angle argument is number 2500: of degrees, and can also be positive (for clockwise) or 2501: negative, but must be a multiple of 90. </li> 2502: <li> \reflectbox's optional axis argument 2503: defaults to 1 if not given, which reflects horizontally 2504: (the usual LaTeX behavior), or reflects vertically if 2505: specified as 2. </li> 2506: <li> For all three commands, the expression 2507: can be any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression. </li> 2508: </ul> 2509: For example, mimeTeX's preprocessor 2510: defines the LaTeX ?` symbol, an upside-down question 2511: mark, like <center> 2512: abc\raisebox{-2}{\rotatebox{180}?}def   produces   2513: <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot1" onclick="eqntext('raiserot1')" 2514: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2515: \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\rotateb{180}{\LARGE?}}def" 2516: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2517: Using \reflectbox[2]{ } instead of 2518: \rotatebox{180}{ } would result in the slightly 2519: different <center> 2520: abc\raisebox{-2}{\reflectbox[2]?}def   produces   2521: <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot2" onclick="eqntext('raiserot2')" 2522: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2523: \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\reflectb[2]{\LARGE?}}def" 2524: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2525: 2526: <h3> <a name="compose">\compose{ }{ }...</a></h3> 2527: 2528: 2529: \compose[offset]{base}{overlay} 2530: superimposes the overlay expression on top of the 2531: base expression, displaying the result. 2532: Optionally, the overlay is horizontally offset 2533: by the specified number of pixels (positive offsets to the right, 2534: negative to the left). For example, <center> 2535: \compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}   produces   2536: <a href="#preview"><img id="compose1" onclick="eqntext('compose1')" 2537: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}" 2538: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2539: 2540: Separately or in some judicious combination, \compose and 2541: \raisebox and \rotatebox and \reflectbox 2542: should help you construct special symbols not "natively" available 2543: with mimeTeX's limited set of built-in font families. 2544: This can be especially useful in conjunction with the 2545: -DNEWCOMMANDS compile-time 2546: <a href="#options">option</a> discussed above. 2547: 2548: <h3> <a name="rule">\rule{ }{ }...</a></h3> 2549: 2550: 2551: \rule{width}{height} behaves in the usual way, 2552: rendering a black rectangle width pixels wide and 2553: height pixels high, with its base on the established 2554: baseline. For example, <center> 2555: \frac12xyz\rule{10}{20}ghi   produces   2556: <a href="#preview"><img id="rule1" onclick="eqntext('rule1')" 2557: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule{10}{20}ghi" 2558: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2559: 2560: The mimeTeX version of \rule has an optional 2561: [lift] argument, so that its full form is 2562: \rule[lift]{width}{height}. 2563: lift moves the rule's baseline by the specified 2564: number of pixels, up if positive or down if negative. 2565: For example, <center> 2566: \frac12xyz\rule[5]{10}{20}ghi   produces   2567: <a href="#preview"><img id="rule2" onclick="eqntext('rule2')" 2568: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule[5]{10}{20}ghi" 2569: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   and 2570: \frac12xyz\rule[-15]{10}{20}ghi   produces   2571: <a href="#preview"><img id="rule3" onclick="eqntext('rule3')" 2572: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule[-15]{10}{20}ghi" 2573: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2574: 2575: <h3> <a name="abbreviations">Abbreviations...</a> </h3> 2576: 2577: 2578: \ga displays \gamma, but just \g displays 2579: \gg (>>). That is, mimeTeX selects the 2580: shortest symbol or command which begins with whatever you type. 2581: This feature can help shorten an otherwise very long line, 2582: but it may be a bit dangerous. 2583: 2584: The mimeTeX <a href="#symbols">preprocessor</a>, briefly mentioned 2585: above, is responsible for recognizing several LaTeX symbols like 2586: \ldots and several commands like \atop . 2587: These symbols and commands cannot be abbreviated. The special 2588: html characters like &nbsp; are also recognized by 2589: the preprocessor and cannot be abbreviated. 2590: 2591: <h3> <a name="colors">Colors...</a> </h3> 2592: 2593: Rudimentary color commands are provided by mimeTeX. You can write 2594: \color{red} or \color{green} or\color{blue} 2595: (which may be abbreviated \red or \green or 2596: \blue) anywhere in an expression to render the entire 2597: expression in the specified color. That is, 2598: abc{\red def}ghi renders the entire expression red, 2599: not just the def part. Also, note that mimeTeX's "green" 2600: is actually color #00FF00, which the html standard more 2601: accurately calls "lime". For example, <center> 2602: \blue e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}   produces   2603: <a href="#preview"><img id="colors1" onclick="eqntext('colors1')" 2604: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 2605: \Large\color{blue} e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" 2606: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2607: 2608: <h3> <a name="smash">"Smash"...</a> </h3> 2609: 2610: TeX represents characters by boxes, with no idea how ink will be 2611: distributed inside. So an expression like 2612: \frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx is typically rendered as   2613: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash1" onclick="eqntext('smash1')" 2614: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2615: \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}" 2616: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2617: But mimeTeX knows the character shapes of its fonts, and therefore tries 2618: to remove extra whitespace, rendering the same expression as   2619: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash2" onclick="eqntext('smash2')" 2620: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2621: \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 2622: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. 2623: 2624: Precede any expression with the mimeTeX directive \nosmash 2625: to render it without "smashing". Or compile mimetex.c with the 2626: -DNOSMASH <a href="#options">option</a> if you prefer 2627: the typical TeX behavior as mimeTeX's default. In this case, 2628: precede any expression with \smash to render it "smashed". 2629: And note that explicit space like \hspace{10} 2630: or \; , etc, is never smashed. 2631: 2632: The scope of \smash and \nosmash is the 2633: { }-enclosed subexpression in which the directive occurs. 2634: For example, if you want the g(x) part of the 2635: preceding example smashed, but not the 1/2 part, 2636: then the expression 2637: \nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx} 2638: renders as   2639: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash3" onclick="eqntext('smash3')" 2640: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2641: \nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}}" 2642: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2643:  2650: 2651: For finer-grained control, note that \smash is shorthand 2652: for the default \smashmargin{+3} (and \nosmash is 2653: shorthand for \smashmargin{0}). \smashmargin's value 2654: is the minimum number of pixels between smashed symbols. The leading 2655: + is optional. If present, the font size (\tiny=0,...,\Huge=7) 2656: is added to the specified minimum. Compile mimetex.c with the 2657: -DSMASHMARGIN=n <a href="#options">option</a> to change 2658: the default from 3 to n. Compare the preceding 2659: example with the over-smashed \smashmargin{1}   2660: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash5" onclick="eqntext('smash5')" 2661: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle 2662: \smashmargin1\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" 2663: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   instead. 2664: 2665: Smashing is in "beta testing" and some expressions still don't look 2666: quite right when smashed, e.g., 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots renders as 2667: <a href="#preview"><img id="smash6" onclick="eqntext('smash6')" 2668: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots" 2669: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Just compile with -DNOSMASH 2670: if you come across numerous annoying situations. 2671: 2672: <h3> <a name="not">\not and \cancel and \sout...</a> </h3> 2673: 2674: The usual LaTeX   \not   "slashes" the single symbol 2675: following it, e.g.,   i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla 2676:   produces <a href="#preview"> 2677: <img id="not1" onclick="eqntext('not1')" 2678: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla" 2679: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2680: 2681: For arbitrary expressions, mimeTeX provides   \cancel   2682: which draws a line from the upper-right to lower-left corner of its 2683: argument, e.g.,   a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}   produces 2684:   <a href="#preview"><img id="not2" onclick="eqntext('not2')" 2685: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}" 2686: alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. 2687: 2688: Finally, similar to the ulem.sty package,   \sout 2689:   draws a horizontal strikeout line through its argument, 2690: e.g.,   \sout{abcdefg}   produces <a href="#preview"> 2691: <img id="not3" onclick="eqntext('not3')" 2692: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout{abcdefg}" 2693: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX's \sout also 2694: takes an optional argument that adjusts the vertical position of its 2695: strikeout line by the specified number of pixels, e.g.,   2696: \sout[+2]{abcdefg} produces <a href="#preview"> 2697: <img id="not4" onclick="eqntext('not4')" 2698: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[+2]{abcdefg}" 2699: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   and   2700: \sout[-2]{abcdefg} produces 2701: <a href="#preview"><img id="not5" onclick="eqntext('not5')" 2702: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[-2]{abcdefg}" 2703: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. 2704: 2705: 2706: <h2> <a name="array"> (IIIe) \begin{array}{lcr}...\end{array} Environment 2707:   </a> </h2> 2708: 2709: Rendering vectors and matrices, aligning equations, etc, is all done 2710: using the customary LaTeX environment   2711: \begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array} 2712:   which you can write in exactly that form. MimeTeX also 2713: recognizes the following array-like environments 2714: <center> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> 2715: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{array}{lcr} </td> 2716: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2717: <td align="left"> \end{array} </td> </tr> 2718: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{matrix} </td> 2719: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2720: <td align="left"> \end{matrix} </td> </tr> 2721: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{pmatrix} </td> 2722: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2723: <td align="left"> \end{pmatrix} </td> </tr> 2724: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{bmatrix} </td> 2725: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2726: <td align="left"> \end{bmatrix} </td> </tr> 2727: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{Bmatrix} </td> 2728: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2729: <td align="left"> \end{Bmatrix} </td> </tr> 2730: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{vmatrix} </td> 2731: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2732: <td align="left"> \end{vmatrix} </td> </tr> 2733: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{Vmatrix} </td> 2734: <td align="center"> a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc </td> 2735: <td align="left"> \end{Vmatrix} </td> </tr> 2736: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{eqnarray} </td> 2737: <td align="center"> a&=&b \\ c&=&d \\ etc </td> 2738: <td align="left"> \end{eqnarray} </td> </tr> 2739: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{align} </td> 2740: <td align="center"> a&=b \\ c&=d \\ etc </td> 2741: <td align="left"> \end{align} </td> </tr> 2742: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{cases} </td> 2743: <td align="center"> a&b \\ c&d \\ etc </td> 2744: <td align="left"> \end{cases} </td> </tr> 2745: <tr> <td align="left"> \begin{gather} </td> 2746: <td align="center"> a \\ b \\ etc </td> 2747: <td align="left"> \end{gather} </td> </tr> 2748: </table> </center> 2749: There's a built-in maximum of 64 columns and 64 rows. Nested 2750: array environments, e.g., 2751: \begin{pmatrix}a&\begin{matrix}1&2\\3&4\end{matrix}\\c&d\end{pmatrix}, 2752: are permitted. 2753: 2754: MimeTeX also provides the abbreviation   2755: \array{lcr$a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}   2756: which has exactly the same effect as   2757: \begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array}. 2758: And the lcr$ "preamble" in \array{lcr$etc} is optional. 2759: In that case,   \array{a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}   2760: has exactly the same effect as   2761: \begin{matrix} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{matrix}. 2762: You can also write $\array{etc}$ to "manually abbreviate" 2763: the pmatrix environment, or \array{rcl$etc} to abbreviate 2764: eqnarray, but mimeTeX has no explicit abbreviations for these 2765: other environments. For example, <center> 2766: \begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix} 2767:   produces   2768: <a href="#preview"><img id="array1" onclick="eqntext('array1')" 2769: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\ 2770: b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix}" 2771: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 2772: 2773: Solid \hline's (but not \cline's) and vertical l|c|r bars 2774: are available, as usual. For dashed lines and bars, 2775: \begin{array} provides the additional features \hdash 2776: and l.c.r . \hline and \hdash may not be 2777: abbreviated. For example, <center> 2778: \begin{array}{c.c|c} a_1&a_2&a_3 \\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3 2779: \\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3 \end{array}   produces 2780: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array22" onclick="eqntext('array22')" 2781: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{array}{c.c|c} 2782: a_1&a_2&a_3\\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3\\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3\end{array}" 2783: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> 2784: 2785: The default font size is unchanged by \array{ }, but you 2786: can explicitly control it in the usual way, e.g., 2787: {\Large\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}} renders the entire array 2788: in font size 4. In addition, any &...& cell may contain font 2789: size declarations which are always local to that cell, 2790: e.g., &\fs{-1}...& renders that one cell one font size smaller 2791: than current. 2792: 2793: The {lcr} in \begin{array}{lcr} sets left,center,right 2794: "horizontal justification" down columns of an array, 2795: as usual. And "vertical justification" across rows defaults 2796: to what we'll call baseline, i.e., aligned equations, 2797: as in <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above, display properly. 2798: But the down arrows (for   2799: <a href="#preview"><img id="array3" onclick="eqntext('array3')" 2800: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\gamma&\Large\downarr}" 2801: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>   and for   2802: <a href="#preview"><img id="array4" onclick="eqntext('array4')" 2803: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\Large\downarr&\beta}" 2804: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>) 2805: in <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> require 2806: "vertical centering" across the middle row of that 2807: array. So, in addition to lowercase lcr, mimeTeX's {lcr} 2808: in \begin{array}{lcr} may also contain uppercase BC to 2809: set "B"aseline or "C"enter vertical justification across 2810: the corresponding rows. For example, \begin{array}{rccclBCB} 2811: sets baseline justification for the first and third rows, and center 2812: justification for the second row. Without any BC's, 2813: all rows default to the usual B baseline justification. 2814: 2815: MimeTeX has no \arraycolsep or \arraystretch parameters. 2816: Instead, \begin{array}{lc25rB35C} sets the absolute width 2817: of the second column to 25 pixels, and the absolute height of the 2818: first row to 35 pixels, as illustrated by 2819: <a href="#example9">Example 9</a>. Any number following 2820: an lcrBC specification sets the width of that one column 2821: (for lcr), or the height of that one row (for BC). 2822: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2823: You can optionally precede the number with a + sign, 2824: which "propagates" that value forward to all subsequent columns for 2825: lcr, or all subsequent rows for BC. For example, 2826: \begin{array}{lc+25rB+35C} sets the absolute width of 2827: column 2 and all subsequent columns to 25 pixels, 2828: and the absolute height of row 1 and all subsequent rows 2829: to 35 pixels. After absolute sizing has been set, the special 2830: value 0 reverts to automatic sizing for that one row or 2831: column, and +0 reverts to automatic sizing for all subsequent 2832: rows or columns. For example, \begin{array}{c+25ccc+35ccc+0} 2833: sets the absolute widths of columns 1-3 to 25 pixels, 2834: columns 4-6 to 35 pixels, and then reverts to automatic 2835: sizing for columns 7 and all subsequent columns. 2836: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2837: The "propagation" introduced by + is local to the 2838: \begin{array} in which it occurs. So you have to repeat 2839: the same specifications if you want rows aligned across several 2840: arrays on the same line (or columns aligned on several lines 2841: separated by \\). Instead, a lowercase g globally 2842: copies your column specifications to all subsequent arrays, 2843: and an uppercase G globally copies your row specifications. 2844: And gG copies both column and row specifications. For example, 2845: \begin{array}{GC+25} sets the height of all rows in this 2846: array to 25 pixels, and ditto for all subsequent arrays to its right. 2847: Explicit specifications in subsequent arrays override previous global 2848: values. 2849: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> 2850: Click one of the following examples to see illustrations 2851: of the above discussion: <center> 2852: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array31" onclick="eqntext('array31')" 2853: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2854: \left( \begin{array}{GC+30} 2855: \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2\\ 2856: i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) 2857: \left( \begin{array} 2858: z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) 2859: \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 1}" 2860: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> 2861: <a href="#preview"> <img id="array32" onclick="eqntext('array32')" 2862: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large 2863: \left( \begin{array}{GC+30gc+40} 2864: \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2 \\ 2865: i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) 2866: \left( \begin{array} 2867: z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) 2868: \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 2}" 2869: alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> 2870: 2871: See <a href="#example8">Examples 8-11</a> above for several 2872: additional \begin{array}{lcr} applications. 2873: 2874: 2875: <h2> <a name="picture"> (IIIf) \picture( ){ } "Environment", 2876: including \line( ){ } and \circle( )   </a> </h2> 2877: 2878: Besides \begin{array}{lcr}, mimeTeX also tries to emulate the 2879: familiar LaTeX picture environment with the somewhat similar 2880:           \picture(width[,height])  2881: { (loc1){pic_elem1} (loc2){pic_elem2} ... } 2882: as illustrated by <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above. 2883: Arguments surrounded by [ ]'s are optional. 2884: If the optional [,height] is omitted, then height=width 2885: is assumed. Locations (loc1) and (loc2) ... each 2886: denote either a \put(loc) or a \multiput(loc), 2887: and each location is of the form ([c]x,y[;xinc,yinc[;num]]). 2888: 2889: A \put(loc) is denoted by a location of the form ([c]x,y) 2890: where x,y denotes the coordinate where the lower-left corner 2891: of the subsequent picture_element will be placed, unless the letter 2892: c precedes the x-number, in which case cx,y 2893: denotes the center point instead. The very lower-left corner of the 2894: entire picture is always 0,0, and the upper-right corner is 2895: width-1,height-1. Note, for example, that you'd never want 2896: to specify location c0,0 since the picture_element would be 2897: mostly out-of-bounds (only its upper-right quadrant would be 2898: in-bounds). 2899: 2900: A \multiput(loc) starts like a \put(loc), but location 2901: [c]x,y is followed by ;xinc,yinc[;num] indicating the 2902: x,y-increments applied to each of num repetitions 2903: of picture_element. If ;num is omitted, repetitions continue 2904: until the picture_element goes out-of-bounds of the specified 2905: width[,height]. Note that x,y are always positive or 2906: zero, but xinc,yinc may be postive, zero or negative. 2907: 2908: The \picture(,){...} parameters width, height, x, y, xinc, 2909: yinc may be either integer or may contain a decimal point, 2910: and they're all scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. 2911: The num parameter must be integer. 2912: 2913: Picture_element's {pic_elem1} and {pic_elem2} ... 2914: may be any expressions recognized by mimeTeX, even including other 2915: \picture's nested to any level. 2916: 2917: <h3> <a name="circleline">\line( ){ } and 2918: \circle( )...</a> </h3> 2919: 2920: To help draw useful picture_element's, mimeTeX provides several 2921: drawing commands, \line(xinc,yinc)[{xlen}] and 2922: \circle(xdiam[,ydiam][;arc]). Although primarily intended 2923: for use in \picture's, you can use them in any mimeTeX 2924: expression, e.g.,   abc\circle(20)def   produces   2925: <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline1" onclick="eqntext('circleline1')" 2926: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large abc\circle(20)def" 2927: alt="" border="0" align="middle"></a>. 2928: 2929: Without its optional {xlen} parameter, the expression 2930: (x,y){\line(xinc,yinc)} draws a straight line from point 2931: x,y to point x+xinc,y+yinc. The inc's 2932: can be positive, zero or negative. Don't prefix location x,y 2933: with a leading c for \line's; the intended "corner" 2934: is determined by the signs of xinc and yinc. 2935: If given, the optional {xlen} parameter rescales the length 2936: of the line so its x-projection is xlen and its slope is 2937: unchanged. 2938: 2939: Without optional ,ydiam and ;arc, the expression 2940: (x,y){\circle(xdiam)} draws a circle of diameter xdiam 2941: centered at x,y. Don't prefix location x,y with a 2942: leading c for \circle's; centering is assumed. 2943: If ,ydiam is also given, then (x,y){\circle(xdiam,ydiam)} 2944: draws the ellipse inscribed in a rectangle of width xdiam 2945: and height ydiam centered at x,y. 2946:       Finally, ;arc specifies the arc to be 2947: drawn, in one of two ways. An ;arc argument given in the 2948: form ;1234 interprets each digit as a quadrant to be drawn, 2949: with 1 the upper-right quadrant and then proceeding 2950: counterclockwise, e.g., \circle(12;34) specifies the 2951: lower half of a circle whose diameter is twelve. 2952:       Alternatively, an ;arc argument given in 2953: the form 45,180 or -60,120 specifies the endpoints of 2954: the desired arc in degrees, with 0 the positive x-axis and 2955: then proceeding counterclockwise. The first number must always 2956: be smaller than the second (negative numbers are allowed), and the 2957: arc is drawn counterclockwise starting from the smaller number. 2958: 2959: Besides <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above, 2960: it's hard to resist illustrating 2961:       2962: \unitlength{.6}   \picture(100) { 2963:           2964: (50,50){\circle(99)} %%head%% 2965:           2966: (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} %%eyes%% 2967:           2968: (50,40){\bullet} %%nose%% 2969:           2970: (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} %%upper lip%% 2971:           2972: (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)} %%lower lip%%   } 2973: <center> 2974: <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline2" onclick="eqntext('circleline2')" 2975: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\unitlength{.6}\picture(100){ 2976: (50,50){\circle(99)} (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} (50,40){\bullet} 2977: (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)}}" 2978: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> Have a nice day!</center> 2979: 2980: 2981: <h2> <a name="commands"> (IIIg) Other mimeTeX Commands   </a> </h2> 2982: 2983: Various and sundry other LaTeX-like commands are also provided 2984: by mimeTeX. In addition to features explicitly discussed below, 2985: mimeTeX supports the usual sub_scripts and super^scripts, 2986: and most of the typical LaTeX commands, many already discussed 2987: above, including 2988: <ul> 2989: <li> \frac{ }{ } and { \over } </li> 2990: <li> { \atop } and { \choose } </li> 2991: <li> \sqrt{ } </li> 2992: <li> \lim_{ } and all the usual LaTeX function names </li> 2993: <li> \hat{ } and \widehat{ } 2994: and many of the usual LaTeX accents </li> 2995: <li> \overbrace{ }^{ } and 2996: \underbrace{ }_{ } </li> 2997: <li> \overline{ } and \underline{ } </li> 2998: </ul> 2999: All these typical commands should behave as they usually do 3000: in LaTeX, and won't be discussed further. Short discussions 3001: of some other commands follow. 3002: 3003: <h3> <a name="stackrel">\overset{ }{ } or 3004: \stackrel{ }{ }   and   3005: \underset{ }{ } or \relstack{ }{ } 3006: ...</a> </h3> 3007: 3008: 3009: \stackrel{ }{ } behaves as usual in LaTeX, 3010: rendering its first argument one font size smaller and centered above 3011: its second. And the amsmath-style \overset{ }{ } is 3012: identical. For example, <center> 3013: "\vec x\overset{\rm def}=(x_1\ldots x_n)" 3014:   produces   3015: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel1" onclick="eqntext('stackrel1')" 3016: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 3017: \Large\vec x\,\overset{\small\rm def}= 3018: \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 3019: 3020: "Conversely" to \stackrel{ }{ }, mimeTeX provides 3021: \relstack{ }{ }, which renders its second argument 3022: one font size smaller and centered below its first. 3023: And the amsmath-style \underset{ }{ } renders its 3024: first argument one font size smaller and centered below its second. 3025: For example, the \log function name doesn't treat 3026: limits like \lim_, but you can write, for example, <center> 3027: "\underset{\rm base 2}\log32=5"   to render   3028: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel2" onclick="eqntext('stackrel2')" 3029: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 3030: \Large\underset{\small\rm base 2}\log32\,=\,5" 3031: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 3032: 3033: MimeTeX's \limits provides an easier but non-standard 3034: alternative to achieve the same effect. For example, <center> 3035: "\vec x =\limits^{\rm def} (x_1\ldots x_n)" 3036:   produces   3037: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel3" onclick="eqntext('stackrel3')" 3038: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\vec x\,=\limits^{\small\rm def} 3039: \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> 3040: and   "\log\limits_{\rm base 2}32=5"   3041: produces   3042: <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel4" onclick="eqntext('stackrel4')" 3043: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? 3044: \Large\log\limits_{\small\rm base 2}32\,=\,5" 3045: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 3046: 3047: <h3> <a name="fbox">\fbox{ }...</a> </h3> 3048: 3049: In case html border attributes aren't suitable, mimeTeX provides 3050: the usual \fbox{expression} command, e.g., <center> 3051: "\fbox{x=\frac12}"   produces   3052: <a href="#preview"><img id="fbox1" onclick="eqntext('fbox1')" 3053: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\fbox{x=\frac12}" 3054: alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> 3055: 3056: You can also write \fbox[width]{expression} 3057: to explicitly set the box's width, or you can write 3058: \fbox[width][height]{expression} 3059: to explicitly set both width and height. 3060: 3061: <h3> <a name="today">\today and \calendar...</a> </h3> 3062: 3063: \today   renders   3064: <a href="#preview"><img id="today1" onclick="eqntext('today1')" 3065: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\today" 3066: border=0 align=middle></a>   3067: in the usual LaTeX text mode way. 3068: That's \today's default format#1. MimeTeX has 3069: an optional format argument so that, for example,   3070: \blue\today[2]   renders   3071: <a href="#preview"><img id="today2" onclick="eqntext('today2')" 3072: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\today[2]" 3073: border=0 align=middle></a>,   3074: showing both date and time. And   3075: \red\today[3]   renders   3076: <a href="#preview"><img id="today3" onclick="eqntext('today3')" 3077: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\red\today[3]" 3078: border=0 align=bottom></a>, 3079:   showing time only. 3080: 3081: To accommodate time zones, you may also write, for example,   3082: \small\blue\today[2,+3],   which renders   3083: <a href="#preview"><img id="today4" onclick="eqntext('today4')" 3084: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\today[2,+3]" 3085: border=0 align=middle></a>,   3086: adding three hours to format#2. 3087: The arguments may be in either order. The time zone increment 3088: must always be preceded by either + or -, 3089: and must be in the range -23 to +23. 3090: 3091: \calendar   renders a calendar for 3092: the current month, as illustrated by the left-hand image below. 3093: For a different month, the optional argument &nbsp 3094: \small\blue\calendar[2001,9]   renders the right-hand 3095: image, for the requested year and month. Years must be 3096: 1973...2099 and months must be 1...12. 3097: <center> 3098: <a href="#preview"><img id="today5" onclick="eqntext('today5')" 3099: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\calendar" 3100: border=0 align=middle> </a>           3101: <a href="#preview"><img id="today6" onclick="eqntext('today6')" 3102: src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\calendar[2001,9]" 3103: border=0 align=middle> </a> </center> 3104: 3105: The default calendar emphasizes the current day of the current month, 3106: while any other month emphasizes no day. Day emphasis is controlled 3107: by an optional third argument.   \calendar[0,0,1]   3108: emphasizes the first day of the current month, and 3109:   \calendar[2001,9,11]   emphasizes the eleventh 3110: day of that month.   \calendar[0,0,99]   3111: renders the current month with no day emphasized. 3112: 3113: <h3> <a name="input">\input{ }...</a> </h3> 3114: 3115: 3116: \input{filename} behaves just like the corresponding 3117: LaTeX command, reading the entire contents of filename 3118: into your expression at the point where the \input command 3119: occurs. By default, filename resides in the same 3120: directory as mimetex.cgi. Moreover, for security, absolute paths 3121: with leading /'s or \'s, and paths with ../'s 3122: or ..\'s, are not permitted. See the -DPATHPREFIX 3123: <a href="#options">compile option</a>, discussed above, 3124: if you want \input files in some other directory. 3125: In any case, if filename isn't found, then 3126: \input tries to read filename.tex instead. 3127: 3128: MimeTeX also supports the optional form 3129: \input{filename:tag}. In this case, 3130: filename is read as before, but only those characters 3131: between <tag>...</tag> are placed 3132: into your expression. This permits you to have one file containing 3133: many different <tag>'s, e.g., one file containing 3134: all the questions and/or answers to a homework assignment or a quiz, 3135: etc. 3136: 3137: <h3> <a name="counter">\counter[ ]{ } 3138: ...</a> </h3> 3139: 3140: The bottom-right corner of this page contains a page hit counter 3141: that's maintained using mimeTeX's 3142: \counter[logfile]{counterfile:tag} 3143: command. As with \input, described immediately above, 3144: both the required counterfile and the optional 3145: logfile are the names of files that reside in the 3146: same directory as your mimetex.cgi executable, unless you compiled 3147: mimetex with the -DPATHPREFIX 3148: <a href="#options">compile option</a>. Before using 3149: the \counter command, Unix "touch" and "chmod" those files 3150: so they're mimeTeX readable and writable. 3151: 3152: If counterfile isn't readable and writable, 3153: then the \counter command always displays 3154: 1st. Otherwise, it maintains a 3155: line in counterfile of the form 3156: <tag> value </tag> 3157: where value is initialized as 1_ if the 3158: specified <tag> line doesn't already exist, 3159: and then incremented on each subsequent call. That trailing 3160: underscore on the value in the file, e.g., 99_, tells 3161: mimeTeX to display 99th with an 3162: ordinal suffix. Edit the value in the file and remove the 3163: underscore if you don't want the ordinal suffix displayed. 3164: Finally, mimeTeX makes no effort to lock files or 3165: records (tags), so be careful using \counter 3166: if your hit rates are high enough so that frequent collisions 3167: are likely. 3168: 3169: The same counterfile can contain as many different 3170: <tag> lines as you like, so counters for 3171: all the pages on your site can be maintained in one file. 3172: MimeTeX also maintains a special <timestamp> tag 3173: in counterfile that logs the the date/time and 3174: name of the most recently updated tag. 3175: 3176: Somewhat more detailed log information can be accumulated in 3177: the optional logfile. If you provide that 3178: filename, mimeTeX writes a line to it of the form 3179: 2004-09-20:12:59:33pm <tag>=99 192.168.1.1 http_referer 3180: containing a timestamp, the counter tag and its current value, 3181: and the user's IP address and http_referer page if they're 3182: available. 3183: 3184: The page hit counter displayed at the bottom-right corner 3185: of this page is maintained by the command 3186: \counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}. 3187: After compiling and installing your 3188: own mimetex.cgi and your own copy of this page, that counter will 3189: continually show 1st's 3190: unless/until you "touch" and "chmod" counters.txt (and, optionally, 3191: counters.log) in your mimetex.cgi directory. 3192: 3193: 3194: <h2> <a name="exceptions"> (IIIh) Other Exceptions 3195: to LaTeX Syntax   </a> </h2> 3196: 3197: <h3> Binding Exceptions... </h3> 3198: 3199: MimeTeX's bindings are pretty much left-to-right. For example, 3200: although mimeTeX correctly interprets \frac12 as well as 3201: \frac{1}{2}, etc, the legal LaTeX expression x^\frac12 3202: must be written x^{\frac12}. Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets 3203: it as {x^\frac}12, i.e., the same way x^\alpha12 3204: would be interpreted, which is entirely wrong for \frac. 3205: The same requirement also applies to other combinations of commands, 3206: e.g., you must write \sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}, etc. 3207: 3208: 3209:  3212: <h1> <a name="appendices"> (IV) Appendices   </a> </h1> 3213: 3214: Programming information to help you modify mimeTeX's behavior, 3215: and to use its functionality in your own programs, is provided 3216: by these appendices. The currently available appendices discuss 3217: (a)how to modify or extend mimeTeX's fonts, (b)how to use 3218: mimeTeX's principal function, make_raster(), and (c)how to use 3219: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 3220: gifsave.c library. 3221: 3222: 3223: <h2> <a name="fonts"> (IVa)   mimeTeX Fonts   </a> </h2> 3224: 3225: The font information mimeTeX uses to render characters is 3226: derived from .gf font files (usually generated by metafont 3227: running against .mf files), which are then run through 3228: gftype -i and finally through my gfuntype program 3229: (supplied with your mimeTeX distribution). 3230: 3231: The final output from each such sequence of three runs 3232: (metafont > gftype -i > gfuntype) gives mimeTeX the 3233: bitmap information it needs to render one particular font 3234: family at one particular size. The file texfonts.h 3235: supplied with your mimeTeX distribution collects the output 3236: from 72 such (sequences of) runs, representing nine font 3237: families at eight sizes each. 3238: 3239: This collection of information in   texfonts.h   is 3240: "wired" into mimeTeX through tables maintained in mimetex.h. 3241: To change mimeTeX's fonts, you'll have to first modify (or totally 3242: replace) texfonts.h using your own gfuntype output, and then 3243: change mimetex.h to reflect your texfonts.h modifications. 3244: 3245: This appendix provides a brief description of the above 3246: process, though you'll probably need at least some previous 3247: C programming experience to confidently accomplish it. 3248: Your motivation might be to add more fonts to mimeTeX, 3249: to change the font sizes I chose, or to add more 3250: font sizes, etc. MimeTeX's design permits all this to be 3251: easily done once you understand the process. 3252: 3253: Running metafont to generate a .gf file from .mf 3254: source will usually be your very first step. A typical such run 3255: might be 3256:  <center> 3257: mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmmi10'</center> 3258: which in this case generates output file 3259: cmmi10.131gf (which is mimeTeX's font size 3 for the 3260: cmmi family). 3261: 3262: Given the cmmi10.131gf file from this metafont run 3263: (or substitute any other .gf file you like), next run 3264: <center>gftype -i cmmi10.131gf > typeout</center> 3265: where typeout can be any temporary 3266: filename you like. 3267: 3268: Finally, run gfuntype against the typeout file 3269: you just generated with the command 3270: <center>gfuntype -n cmmi131 typeout cmmi131.h</center> 3271: to generate the final output file cmmi131.h 3272: (or any filename you supply as the last arg). This 3273: contains the cmmi data in an array whose name is taken 3274: from the -n arg you supplied to gfuntype. 3275: 3276: The above sequence of three runs resulted in output file 3277: cmmi131.h, containing the font information mimeTeX needs 3278: for one font family (cmmi) at one font size (3). Repeat this 3279: sequence of three runs for each font size and each font family. 3280: Then pull all the output files into one big texfonts.h file 3281: (or write a small texfonts.h which just #include's them all). 3282: 3283: For your information, the 72 sequences of runs represented 3284: in the texfonts.h file supplied with your mimeTeX distribution 3285: correspond to the following eight inital metafont runs for cmr10 3286:  3293: <pre> size=0 (.83gf) mf '\mode=eighthre; input cmr10' 3294: 1 (.100gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-17.874274); input cmr10' 3295: 2 (.118gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.966458); input cmr10' 3296: 3 (.131gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmr10' 3297: 4 (.160gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-15.296391); input cmr10' 3298: 5 (.180gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-14.650373); input cmr10' 3299: 6 (.210gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-13.804885); input cmr10' 3300: 7 (.250gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-12.848589); input cmr10'</pre> 3301: 3302: Then ditto for the eight other font families cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10, 3303: cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10, stmary10 and wncyr10. And to generate other 3304: .dpigf font sizes, calculate magsteps   3305: <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\frac{\log(dpi/2602)}{\log1.2}" 3306: alt="" align=middle border=0>.   All the subsequent gftype and 3307: gfuntype runs just follow the standard format described above. 3308: 3309: To incorporate all this font information you just generated into 3310: mimeTeX, edit your mimetex.h file and find the table that looks 3311: something like <pre>static fontfamily aafonttable[] = { 3312: /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3313: family size=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 3314: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ 3315: { CMR10,{ cmr83, cmr100, cmr118, cmr131, cmr160, cmr180, cmr210, cmr250}}, 3316: { CMMI10,{ cmmi83, cmmi100, cmmi118, cmmi131, cmmi160, cmmi180, cmmi210, cmmi250}}, 3317: { CMMIB10,{ cmmib83, cmmib100, cmmib118, cmmib131, cmmib160, cmmib180, cmmib210, cmmib250}}, 3318: { CMSY10,{ cmsy83, cmsy100, cmsy118, cmsy131, cmsy160, cmsy180, cmsy210, cmsy250}}, 3319: { CMEX10,{ cmex83, cmex100, cmex118, cmex131, cmex160, cmex180, cmex210, cmex250}}, 3320: { RSFS10,{ rsfs83, rsfs100, rsfs118, rsfs131, rsfs160, rsfs180, rsfs210, rsfs250}}, 3321: { BBOLD10,{ bbold83, bbold100, bbold118, bbold131, bbold160, bbold180, bbold210, bbold250}}, 3322: {STMARY10,{stmary83,stmary100,stmary118,stmary131,stmary160,stmary180,stmary210,stmary250}}, 3323: { CYR10,{ wncyr83, wncyr100, wncyr118, wncyr131, wncyr160, wncyr180, wncyr210, wncyr250}}, 3324: { -999,{ NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL}} 3325: } ; /* --- end-of-fonttable[] --- */</pre> 3326: Note the 72 names cmr83...wncyr250 in the table. These must 3327: correspond to (or must be changed to) the names following the -n 3328: switch you specified for your   gfuntype   runs. 3329: 3330: If you want more than eight font sizes, first build up texfonts.h 3331: with all the necessary information. Then change LARGESTSIZE (and 3332: probably NORMALSIZE) in mimetex.h, and finally edit the above aafonttable[] 3333: by extending the columns in each row up to your largest size. 3334: 3335: You can also add new rows by #define'ing a new family, 3336: and then adding a whole lot of character definitions at the bottom 3337: of mimetex.h, all in the obvious way (i.e., it should become obvious 3338: after reviewing mimetex.h). A new row would be required, 3339: for example, to make another font available in mimeTeX. 3340: 3341: One small problem with the above procedure is that the default 3342:   gftype   program supplied with most TeX distributions 3343: can't emit the long lines needed to display mimeTeX's larger font 3344: sizes. You'll need to compile your own version from source. 3345: The following instructions are for Unix/Linux:     3346:     First, download both 3347: <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web-7.5.3.tar.gz" 3348: target="_top">web-7.5.3.tar.gz</a> and 3349: <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz" 3350: target="_top">web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz</a>, 3351: or more recent versions. Then   untar   them both, 3352:   cd web2c-7.5.3/   and run   ./configure   3353: and   make   in the usual way (make may fail before 3354: completion if you don't have all needed fonts installed, 3355: but it will create and compile gftype.c before failing). Now edit 3356:   texk/web2c/gftype.c  and notice two lines very near the top 3357: that   #define maxrow (79) &nbsp and similarly for maxcol. 3358: Change both 79's to 1024, and then re-run make. The new   3359: texk/web2c/gftype   executable image can emit the long 3360: lines needed for mimeTeX's larger font sizes. 3361: 3362: Finally, the Unix/Linux bash shell script 3363: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/texfonts.sh" 3364: target="_top">texfonts.sh</a> generates file   texfonts.h   3365: containing the information for all 72 mimeTeX fonts discussed above 3366: (and, optionally, an extra 1200dpi cmr font used to test mimeTeX's 3367: supersampling algorithm). You'll need to understand and edit this 3368: script to use it meaningfully. But it helps automate mimeTeX's font 3369: generation procedure in case you want to experiment with different 3370: fonts. (Note that metafont emits a complaint while generating the 3371: 83dpi rsfs font. Just press <CR> and it completes 3372: successfully.) 3373: 3374: 3375: <h2> <a name="makeraster"> (IVb) mimeTeX's make_raster() 3376: function   </a> </h2> 3377: 3378: MimeTeX converts an input LaTeX math expression to a corresponding GIF 3379: image in two steps. First, it converts the input LaTeX expression to a 3380: corresponding bitmap raster. Then <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" 3381: target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> gifsave library, discussed 3382: <a href="#gifsave">below</a>, converts that bitmap to the emitted gif. 3383: Though you never explicitly see that bitmap, it's mimeTeX's principal 3384: result. MimeTeX is written so any program can easily use its 3385: expression-to-bitmap conversion capability with just a single line of code. 3386: The following complete program demonstrates the simplest such use. 3387: 3388: <pre> #include <stdio.h> 3389: #include "mimetex.h" 3390: int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) 3391: { 3392: raster *rp = make_raster(argv[1],NORMALSIZE); 3393: type_raster(rp,stdout); /* display ascii image of raster */ 3394: }</pre> 3395: 3396: Cut-and-paste the above sample code from this file to, say, 3397: mimedemo.c (and fix the brackets around stdio.h). Then compile 3398:         3399: cc -DTEXFONTS mimedemo.c mimetex.c -lm -o mimedemo 3400: and run it from your unix shell command line like 3401:         ./mimedemo   "x^2+y^2" 3402: 3403: MimeTeX's expression-to-bitmap conversion is accomplished by the 3404: make_raster() call, whose first argument is just a pointer to a 3405: (null-terminated) string containing any mimeTeX-compliant LaTeX 3406: expression, and whose second argument is the mimeTeX font size 3407: to use (overridden if your expression contains a preamble). 3408: The ascii display of the bitmap raster returned by make_raster() 3409: results from the subsequent call to type_raster(). That's all 3410: this program does, but you could use make_raster()'s returned bitmap 3411: for any other purpose you have in mind. 3412: 3413: MimeTeX's primary purpose is to emit either xbitmaps or gif images 3414: rather than ascii displays. And mimeTeX has anti-aliasing and various 3415: other options that further complicate its main() function compared to 3416: the simple example above. The example below demonstrates mimeTeX 3417: usage in the slightly more realistic situation where an input expression 3418: is converted to a gif, without anti-aliasing, and emitted on stdout. 3419: 3420: <pre> #include <stdio.h> 3421: #include <stdlib.h> 3422: #include "mimetex.h" 3423: 3424: /* --- global needed by callback function, below, for gifsave.c --- */ 3425: static raster *rp = NULL; /* 0/1 bitmap raster image */ 3426: 3427: /* --- callback function to return pixel value at col x, row y --- */ 3428: int GetPixel ( int x, int y ) /* pixel value will be 0 or 1 */ 3429: { return (int)getpixel(rp,y,x); } /* just use getpixel() macro */ 3430: 3431: /* --- main() entry point --- */ 3432: int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) 3433: { 3434: /* --- get LaTeX expression from either browser query or command-line --- */ 3435: char *query = getenv("QUERY_STRING"), /* check for query string */ 3436: *expression = (query!=NULL? query : /* input either from query */ 3437: (argc>1? argv[1] : "f(x)=x^2")); /* or from command line */ 3438: /* ---- mimeTeX converts expression to bitmap raster ---- */ 3439: rp = make_raster(expression,NORMALSIZE); /* mimeTeX rasterizes expression */ 3440: /* ---- convert returned bitmap raster to gif, and emit it on stdout ---- */ 3441: if ( query != NULL ) /* Content-type line for browser */ 3442: fprintf( stdout, "Content-type: image/gif\n\n" ); 3443: /* --- initialize gifsave library and colors, and set transparent bg --- */ 3444: GIF_Create(NULL, rp->width, rp->height, 2, 8); /* init for black/white */ 3445: GIF_SetColor(0, 255, 255, 255); /* always set background white */ 3446: GIF_SetColor(1, 0, 0, 0); /* and foreground black */ 3447: GIF_SetTransparent(0); /* and set transparent background */ 3448: /* --- finally, emit compressed gif image (to stdout) --- */ 3449: GIF_CompressImage(0, 0, -1, -1, GetPixel); 3450: GIF_Close(); 3451: }</pre> 3452: 3453: Cut-and-paste as before, compile like 3454:         3455: cc -DTEXFONTS mimedemo.c mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimedemo 3456: and run it like the first example, but this time you may want to redirect 3457: stdout 3458:         ./mimedemo   "x^2+y^2" 3459:   >   mimedemo.gif 3460: since output is now a gif image consisting of mostly unprintable bytes. 3461: Input is typically from the command line as illustrated, but this example 3462: checks for a browser query string too. That means you could actually 3463: replace mimetex.cgi with this executable, though anti-aliasing wouldn't 3464: be available. 3465: 3466: Of course, this example's intent isn't to replace the mimetex.cgi 3467: executable, but rather to illustrate GIFSAVE library usage, documented 3468: in detail below. And this example also illustrates usage of several 3469: mimeTeX raster structure elements, like rp->width and rp->height. 3470: So you'll probably also want to refer to mimetex.h, which contains those 3471: raster structures and other relevant definitions. For instance, the 3472: example's GetPixel() callback function illustrates usage of the getpixel() 3473: macro in mimetex.h, to retrieve individual pixels by their x,y-coordinates. 3474: And there's a similar setpixel() macro in mimetex.h to store pixels. 3475: After completing all this reading, you'll be prepared to begin using 3476: mimeTeX functions in your own code. 3477: 3478: 3479: 3480: <h2> <a name="gifsave"> 3481: (IVc)</a> <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 3482: gifsave.c library   </h2> 3483: 3484: The information below is taken from the README file accompanying 3485: <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> 3486: distribution of GIFSAVE. I've made a few small editorial modifications, 3487: including descriptions of the several minor changes necessary 3488: to support mimeTeX. And the mimeTeX example program immediately above 3489: uses GIFSAVE in a very straightforward way that should help clarify 3490: any questions which may remain after reading the documentation below. 3491: 3492: <pre> 3493: INTRODUCTION 3494: ============ 3495: 3496: The GIFSAVE functions make it possible to save GIF images from 3497: your own C programs. 3498: 3499: GIFSAVE creates simple GIF files following the GIF87a standard. 3500: Interlaced images cannot be created. There should only be 3501: one image per file. 3502: 3503: GIFSAVE consists of five functions, all returning type int, 3504: and no separate header file is required. 3505: 3506: The functions should be called in the order listed below 3507: for each GIF-file. One file must be closed before a new one 3508: can be created. 3509: 3510: GIF_Create() creates new GIF-files. It takes parameters 3511: specifying filename, screen size, number of colors, 3512: and color resolution. 3513: 3514: GIF_SetColor() sets up red, green, blue color components. 3515: It should be called once for each possible color. 3516: 3517: GIF_SetTransparent() is optional. If called, it sets the 3518: color number of the color that should be transparent, 3519: i.e., the background color shows through this one. 3520: 3521: GIF_CompressImage() performs the compression of the image. 3522: It accepts parameters describing the position and size 3523: of the image on screen, and a user defined callback 3524: function that is supposed to fetch the pixel values. 3525: 3526: GIF_Close() terminates and closes the file. 3527: 3528: To use these functions, you must also write a callback 3529: function that returns the pixel values for each point 3530: in the image. 3531: 3532: 3533: THE FUNCTIONS 3534: ============= 3535: 3536: GIF_Create() 3537: ------------ 3538: Function Creates a new GIF-file, and stores info on 3539: the screen. 3540: 3541: Syntax int GIF_Create( 3542: char *filename, 3543: int width, int height, 3544: int numcolors, int colorres 3545: ); 3546: 3547: Remarks Creates a new (or overwrites an existing) 3548: GIF-file with the given filename. No 3549: .GIF-extension is added. 3550: 3551: If filename is passed as a NULL pointer, 3552: output is directed to stdout. 3553: 3554: The width- and height- parameters specify 3555: the size of the image in pixels. 3556: 3557: numcolors is the number of colors used in 3558: the image. 3559: 3560: colorres is number of bits used to encode a 3561: primary color (red, green or blue). 3562: In GIF-files, colors are built by combining 3563: given amounts of each primary color. 3564: On VGA-cards, each color is built by 3565: combining red, green and blue values in 3566: the range [0, 63]. Encoding the number 63 3567: would require 6 bits, so colorres would be 3568: set to 6. 3569: 3570: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3571: GIF_ERRCREATE - Error creating file 3572: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3573: GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory 3574: 3575: 3576: GIF_SetColor() 3577: -------------- 3578: Function Specifies the primary color component of a 3579: color used in the image. 3580: 3581: Syntax void GIF_SetColor( 3582: int colornum, 3583: int red, int green, int blue 3584: ); 3585: 3586: Remarks This function updates the colortable-values 3587: for color number colornum in the image. 3588: 3589: Should be called for each color in the range 3590: [0, numcolors] 3591: 3592: with red, green and blue components in the 3593: range [0, (2^colorres)-1] 3594: 3595: colorres and colornum are values previousely 3596: given to the function GIF_Create(). 3597: 3598: Return value None 3599: 3600: 3601: GIF_SetTransparent() 3602: -------------------- 3603: Function Specifies the color number of the color 3604: that should be considered transparent. 3605: 3606: Syntax void GIF_SetTransparent( 3607: int colornum 3608: ); 3609: 3610: Remarks Need not be called at all. But if called, 3611: should be called only once with colornum in 3612: the range [0, numcolors] i.e., colornum 3613: must be one of the values previously 3614: given to GIF_SetColor(). 3615: 3616: Return value None 3617: 3618: 3619: GIF_CompressImage() 3620: ------------------- 3621: Function Compresses an image and stores it in the 3622: current file. 3623: 3624: Syntax int GIF_CompressImage( 3625: int left, int top, 3626: int width, int height, 3627: int (*getpixel)(int x, int y) 3628: ); 3629: 3630: Remarks The left- and top- parameters indicate the 3631: image offset from the upper left corner of 3632: the screen. They also give the start values 3633: for calls to the userdefined callback 3634: function. 3635: 3636: width and height give the size of the image. 3637: A value of -1 indicates the equivalent screen 3638: size given in the call to GIF_Create(). 3639: 3640: If the image is supposed to cover the entire 3641: screen, values 0, 0, -1, -1 should be given. 3642: 3643: GIF_CompressImage() obtains the pixel values 3644: by calling a user specified function. This 3645: function is passed in the parameter getpixel. 3646: See "callback()" further down for a 3647: description of this function. 3648: 3649: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3650: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3651: GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory 3652: 3653: 3654: GIF_Close() 3655: ----------- 3656: Function Closes the GIF-file. 3657: 3658: Syntax int GIF_Close(void); 3659: 3660: Remarks This function writes a terminating descriptor 3661: to the file, and then closes it. Also frees 3662: memory used by the other functions of GIFSAVE. 3663: 3664: Return value GIF_OK - OK 3665: GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file 3666: 3667: 3668: THE CALLBACK FUNCTION 3669: ===================== 3670: 3671: callback() 3672: ---------- 3673: Function Obtains pixel-values for the 3674: GIF_CompressImage() -function. 3675: 3676: Syntax int callback(int x, int y); 3677: 3678: Remarks This function must be written by the 3679: programmer. It should accept two integer 3680: parameters specifying a point in the image, 3681: and return the pixel value at this point. 3682: 3683: The ranges for these parameters are as 3684: follows 3685: x : [img_left, img_left + img_width - 1] 3686: y : [img_top, img_top + img_height - 1] 3687: 3688: where img_left, img_top, img_width and 3689: img_height are the values left, top, width 3690: and height passed to GIF_CompressImage(). 3691: 3692: An example; if the screen has width 640 and 3693: height 350, and the image covers the entire 3694: screen, x will be in the range [0, 639] 3695: and y in the range [0, 349]. 3696: 3697: callback() need not get its values from the 3698: screen. The values can be fetched from a 3699: memory array, they can be calculated for 3700: each point requested, etc. 3701: 3702: The function is passed as a parameter to 3703: GIF_CompressImage(), and can thus have any 3704: name, not only callback(). 3705: 3706: Return value Pixel value at the point requested. Should 3707: be in the range [0, numcolors-1] where 3708: numcolors is as specified to GIF_Create(). 3709: </pre> 3710: 3711: 3712: 3713:  3716: <h1 id="remarks"> Concluding Remarks   </h1> 3717: 3718: I hope you find mimeTeX useful. If so, a contribution to your 3719: country's <a href="http://www.tug.org" target="_top">TeX Users Group</a>, 3720: or to the <a href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> project, is 3721: suggested, especially if you're a company that's currently profitable. 3722: 3723:  3731: 3732:  3735: <hr size=4> 3736: <table> <tr> 3737: <td> 3738: Copyright © 2002-2006, 3739: <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> 3740: 3741: email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a> 3742: </td> 3743: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{100}" alt="" border=0> </td> 3744: <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue{\small\rm You're the } 3745: \Large\counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}\\[0] 3746: {\small\rm visitor to this page." alt="" border=0 align=bottom> </td> 3747: </tr> </table> 3748: </body> 3749: </html> 3750: